Methods Flashcards
(26 cards)
What is the test-retest method of testing reliability?
Participants take test twice - if similar scores, evidence for reliability
What is the parallel forms method of testing reliability?
Two versions of the same test - if similar scores, evidence for reliability
What is stratified sampling?
Important population subgroups defined, members of subgroups are sampled randomly
What is cluster sampling?
Everyone within a randomly selected cluster of population is researched
What is quota sampling?
Define important subgroups, but use whoever is available from these
What kind of sample is needed to ensure high internal validity?
Restricted sample - similar performance on measures to reduce extraneous variability
What kind of sample is needed to ensure high external validity?
Representative sample - differs widely in performance due to a variety of factors affecting both measure reliability and validity
Re-arrange the following from controlled to uncontrolled: Correlational, Experimental, Quasi-experimental, Descriptive
Experimental, Quasi-experimental, Correlational, Descriptive
What are the three conditions to infer causation?
Covariance between X and Y Temporal precedence (X occurs before Y) Exclusion principle (X only possible cause)
How is temporal precedence ensured?
IV is manipulated to ensure temporal precedence
How is the exclusion principle met?
IV isolated to ensure it is only possible cause
What are the four methods of error control in research?
Eliminate
Keep Constant
Balance
Randomise
What is statistical power?
Assuming the effect is genuine, how likely is it that the experiment will detect it?
How is statistical power increased?
By prominent effects, large samples, and robust methods
What must one minimise and maximise to design a powerful study?
Minimise error variance and maximise the differences in scores between conditions
What is regression towards the mean?
A change in extreme scores (at either end of a distribution) towards less extreme scores — a particular problem for test-retest designs
What is a longitudinal quasi-experimental design?
Repeatedly test same group across different times (within subjects)
What is a cross-sectional quasi-experimental design?
Test groups of different ages at the same time (between subjects)
What is a cohort study quasi-experimental design?
Multiple groups/cohorts, tested repeatedly (within and between subjects)
Field surveys, Observational studies, and Case Studies are all examples of what?
Descriptive research
What are the 4 key rules of the Nuremberg Code?
Informed Consent
Research Justifiable
Protection from Harm
Right to Withdrawal
What are the three fundamental ethical principles of the Belmont Report?
Respect for pepole
Beneficence
Justice
What are the APA general ethical principles?
Beneficence and non-maleficence Fidelity and responsibility Integrity Justice Respect for people
What sort of t-test can be used for a between-subjects design?
Independent groups t-test
