Methods

Question 1

What is the test-retest method of testing reliability?

Answer 1

Participants take test twice - if similar scores, evidence for reliability

Question 2

What is the parallel forms method of testing reliability?

Answer 2

Two versions of the same test - if similar scores, evidence for reliability

Question 3

What is stratified sampling?

Answer 3

Important population subgroups defined, members of subgroups are sampled randomly

Question 4

What is cluster sampling?

Answer 4

Everyone within a randomly selected cluster of population is researched

Question 5

What is quota sampling?

Answer 5

Define important subgroups, but use whoever is available from these

Question 6

What kind of sample is needed to ensure high internal validity?

Answer 6

Restricted sample - similar performance on measures to reduce extraneous variability

Question 7

What kind of sample is needed to ensure high external validity?

Answer 7

Representative sample - differs widely in performance due to a variety of factors affecting both measure reliability and validity

Question 8

Re-arrange the following from controlled to uncontrolled: Correlational, Experimental, Quasi-experimental, Descriptive

Answer 8

Experimental, Quasi-experimental, Correlational, Descriptive

Question 9

What are the three conditions to infer causation?

Answer 9

Covariance between X and Y
Temporal precedence (X occurs before Y)
Exclusion principle (X only possible cause)

Question 10

How is temporal precedence ensured?

Answer 10

IV is manipulated to ensure temporal precedence

Question 11

How is the exclusion principle met?

Answer 11

IV isolated to ensure it is only possible cause

Question 12

What are the four methods of error control in research?

Answer 12

Eliminate
Keep Constant
Balance
Randomise

Question 13

What is statistical power?

Answer 13

Assuming the effect is genuine, how likely is it that the experiment will detect it?

Question 14

How is statistical power increased?

Answer 14

By prominent effects, large samples, and robust methods

Question 15

What must one minimise and maximise to design a powerful study?

Answer 15

Minimise error variance and maximise the differences in scores between conditions

Question 16

What is regression towards the mean?

Answer 16

A change in extreme scores (at either end of a distribution) towards less extreme scores — a particular problem for test-retest designs

Question 17

What is a longitudinal quasi-experimental design?

Answer 17

Repeatedly test same group across different times (within subjects)

Question 18

What is a cross-sectional quasi-experimental design?

Answer 18

Test groups of different ages at the same time (between subjects)

Question 19

What is a cohort study quasi-experimental design?

Answer 19

Multiple groups/cohorts, tested repeatedly (within and between subjects)

Question 20

Field surveys, Observational studies, and Case Studies are all examples of what?

Answer 20

Descriptive research

Question 21

What are the 4 key rules of the Nuremberg Code?

Answer 21

Informed Consent
Research Justifiable
Protection from Harm
Right to Withdrawal

Question 22

What are the three fundamental ethical principles of the Belmont Report?

Answer 22

Respect for pepole
Beneficence
Justice

Question 23

What are the APA general ethical principles?

Answer 23

Beneficence and non-maleficence
Fidelity and responsibility
Integrity
Justice
Respect for people

Question 24

What sort of t-test can be used for a between-subjects design?

Answer 24

Independent groups t-test

Question 25

What sort of t-test can be used for a within-subjects design?

Answer 25

Paired-samples t-test

Question 26

What sort of ANOVA can be used for a 2x2 design?

Answer 26

2x2 Mixed Factor ANOVA