Methods Of Study Flashcards

1
Q

Fixative use for light microscopy is

A

Formalin, isotonic solution of 37% formaldehyde

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2
Q

Fixatives often use for electron microscopy

A

Formaldehído y glutaraldehido

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3
Q

Preserve and stains membrane lípids as well as proteins

A

Osmium tetroxide

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4
Q

Embedding materials that impart rígid consistensy

A

Paraffin( light microscopy) and plástic resins

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5
Q

Porcentaje de deshidratación del etanol

A

70% al 100%

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6
Q

The fully clear tissue is then place in An oven at

A

50-60 degrees

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7
Q

Are use to preserve tissue structure by crossing linking and denaturating proteins,inactivating enzimes and prevent autolysis

A

Fixatives

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8
Q

A hard block of tissue and paraffin is place in An instrument that cut it 1-10 micrometers thickness

A

Microtome

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9
Q

Biopsy frozen in liquid nitrogen is cut with a Microtome call

A

Cryostat

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10
Q

Cells such as nucleic acids with a net negative charge stain more readily with basic dyes and are name

A

Basophilic

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11
Q

Cationic components such as proteins with many ionized amino groups, have affinity for acid dyes

A

Acidophilic

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12
Q

Examples of basophilics

A

Toluidine blue, alcian blue and methylene blue and hematoxilin

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13
Q

DNA , RNA,GAGs are

A

Basophilics

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14
Q

Eosin , Orange G, and acid fuchsins are dyes?

A

Acid dyes

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15
Q

Of all staining methods, the most commonly is

A

Hematoxilin and eosin

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16
Q

Color in H&E for acid structures

A

Dark blue or purple color

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17
Q

Color of eosin with basic structures

A

Pink

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18
Q

Second staining method most commonly used

A

pAS

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19
Q

Help to distinguish extracellular tissue components netter than H&E

A

Trichomes

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20
Q

DNA can be specifically identified and quantified in nuclei using

A

Feulgen reactions

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21
Q

Produce a purple color with glucose or polysaccharides , glycogen, GAGs and glycoproteins

A

PAS

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22
Q

Fenómenos e distorsión y pérdida de componentes llamados

A

Artefactos

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23
Q

Cuatro tejidos fundamentales

A

Epitelial , conjuntivo muscular y nervioso

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24
Q

También denominado microscopio fotonico y es el que usamos al estudiar histologia

A

Microscopio optico

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25
Una membrana biológica mide...... De espesor
10nm
26
Tipos de microscopio
Optico y electrónico
27
Medidas de una laminilla y espesor
75 x 25 mm y de espesor .8 a 11mm
28
El sistema optico está formado por
Lentes oculares, lentes objetivos, condensador, fuente luminosa y filtros
29
Sistema mecánico del microscopio
Tubo del ocular, brazo , base o pie , revolver ,platina, pinzas y tornillo macro métrico y micrometrico
30
Cámaras. Más comunes que se utilizan en un microscio triocular
De 35mm o digitales
31
Ocular más común
10 aumentos o 10x
32
Se usa para aproximar la imagen con grandes movimientos de las lentes
Tornillo macrometrico
33
Sirve para enfocar de forma fina dando detalle a la imagen
Tornillo micrometrico
34
Condensador que sirve para hacer al microscopio "compuesto "ya que permite enfocar el haz de luz eliminando efectos de birrefringente
Diafragma iris
35
Objetivos más empleados son de 2x o 4x conocida como
Lupa
36
Objetivos 10x o 20x conocida como
Seco débil
37
Objetivo de 40 x llamado
Seco fuerte
38
100x queda inmerso en un liquido oleoso o aceite de inmersión llamado
Lente de inmersión
39
Mayor aumento posible en un microscopio de luz sin perder el poder de resolución
1000x
40
Distancia mínima que debe existir entre dos puntos del objeto para que se visualicen por separado , mínima distancia a la cual se pueden diferenciar dos puntos o objetos
Poder de resolución
41
Poder de resolución del ojo humano
.2 mm una distancia de 25 cm
42
Poder de resolución de microscopio de luz
.2 micrómetros
43
Poder de resolución del microscopio electrónico
.2 nm
44
Lípid-Rich structures of cells are the best revealed with lípids soluble dyes avoiding steps that remove lípids
Sudán black
45
Type of metal impregnation techniques usually using solutions of ..... To visualize certain ECM fibers and specific cellular elements in nervous tissue
Silver salt
46
Time spended from fixation to observing a tissue in a light microscope may take from
12 hours to 2 1/2 days
47
Phenomenon that happens when certain cellular substances are irradiated by light of a proper wavelength, the emit light with a longer waveligth
Fluorescence
48
Compounds usually used specifically bind DNA and are used to stain cells nuclei emiting a characterisitic blue Fluorescence under UV.
dAPI and hoechst
49
This type of microscope use special lens system that produces visible image from transparent objects and is use with living cells
Phase contrast microscopy
50
Differential interference microscope that use this kind of optics which produces An image of living cells with a more apparent 3 D aspects
Nomarski optics
51
Type of microscope that Use a láser and a plate with a pinhole include a computer- driven mirror system
Confocal microscopy
52
The ability to rotate the direction of vibration of polarized light is called
Birefringence and is a feature of crystalline substances containing highly oriented molecules, such as cellulose, collagen, microtubules and actin filaments.
53
Is an imaging system that permits resolution around 3nm
Transmision electron microscope
54
In TEM the voltage difference between cathode and anode is
60 and 120 kV
55
To have more contrast in TEM they used heavy metals ions like?
Osmium tetroxide, lead citrate, and uranyl compunds increasing their electron densitiy and visibility
56
TEM normally requires very thin sections (40-90nm) tissue is Embedded in hard
Epoxy and sectioned with a glass or diamonds knife
57
Freezing etching are techniques that allow TEM Study of cells without fixation or embedding and is use in the Study of membrane structure and is frozen with nitrogen
Cryofracture
58
Is like TEM but in this kind of microscope the beam does not pass throught the specimen and is on 3D
Scanning electron microscopy
59
Is a method of localizing newly synthesized macromolecules in cells or tissue sections using radioactively labeled metabolites.
Autoradiography
60
Once isolated, the cells can be cultivated in a clear dish to which the adhere usually as a single layer of cells called
Primary cells cultures
61
Process in which cultures can be maintained in vitro for long period of time call
Transformation
62
Cervical cancer cells from a patient name Henrietta Lacks who died were use to establish on of the first cell lunes called
HeLa cells
63
Is a method for localizing cellular structures using a specific enzymatic activity present in those structures.
Enzyme histochemestry or cytochemestry
64
Examples of enzymes used in cytochemestry
Phosphatases, dehydrogenases and peroxidase
65
Are used to diagnose the iron storage deiseases, heterochromatosis and hemosiderosis
Perls prussian blue reactions for iron
66
To detected glycogenosis and mucopolysaccharidosis
PAS amylase and alcian blue
67
Is commonly used to demostrate actin filaments in cells
Phalloidin
68
Is usually used to localize naturally occurring or applied antibodies bound to cells structure
Protein A
69
Are proteins or glycoproteins that bind to specific sugar residues and are used to characterize membrane components with specific sequences of sugar residues
Lectins
70
The body's immune cells interact with and produce antibodies against other macromolecules called....
Antigens
71
This technique requires an antibody against the protein that is to be detected,which means that the protein must have Been purified using biochemical or molecular approaches so that antibodies against it can be produced
Immunohistochemestry
72
Different groups of lymphocytes in the injected animals recognize different parts of proteins x and each clone produces An antibody against that part and is called...
Polyclonal antibodies
73
2 types of immunocytochemestry
Direct and indirect immunocytochemestry
74
Diagnosis that use antígens with specific cytokerstins
Tumors of epithelial origins
75
Diagnosis that use protein and polypeptide hormones
Certain endocrine tumors
76
Antígens use in the diagnosis of glandular tumors, Mainly of the digestive tract and breast
Carcinoembryonic antígens
77
Antígens use whith the diagnosis of breast Duct tumors
Steroid hormone receptors
78
The specific binding between two single strands of nucleic acid which occurs under appropriate conditions of the strands are complementary this technique is ideal for determining if a cell has a specific sequence of DNA, mRNAs
Hybridization
79
In hybridization technique the nucleotide sequences of interest are detected with
Probes consist of single stranded complementary DNA (cDNA)
80
División de la microscopio electrónica
Microscopio de: transmisión, de barrido, de barrido de transmisión
81
Se basa principalmente en la observación de una imagen que es obtenida del paso de un electron a través de un objeto
Microscopio electrónico de transmisión
82
El haz de electrones rebota o es reflejado y lo que se captan son las diferencias en las alturas del objeto dando imagen tridimensional del mismo
Microscopio electrónico de barrido
83
Es la capacidad que tiene un microscopio para aumentar el tamaño de la imagen
Magnificacion
84
Procedimiento o conjunto de pasos seguidos para preparar un fragmento de tejido y poderlo observarlo al microscopio
Histotecnica
85
Material obtenido para el estudio microscópico e histo lógico proveniente de cuñas de tejido enfermos o sanos conocido como
Biopsias
86
Tipo de biopsia donde se extrae toda la lesión o tejido que se desea estudiar
Escisional
87
Tipo de biopsia en donde solo se extrae un solo fragmento de la lesión o tejido y cuenta con otra parte del tejido sano
Incisional
88
Biopsia donde se utiliza objetos o bordes filosos para raspar una superficie o cavidad
Legrado o curetaje
89
El tren de fijación incluye
Fijación, deshidratación, aclara miento o diafanizacion , impregnacion e inclusión
90
Solución al 40% de aldehido fórmico se le denomina
Formal
91
Una solución de formol al 10% se le denomina
Formalina
92
Proceso en el cual se va unir y estabilizar proteínas por medio de la desnaturalización de las mismas o formación de puentes transversales con la sustancia fijadora evitando putrefaccion, tiene como objetivo detener la autolysis o necrosis
Fijación
93
Tipo de fijación que es la forma más común en la que el fragmento de tejido es sumergido en el medio fijador
Por inmersión
94
Fijación por medio de la cual se inyecta o perfunde el medio fijador en el torrente sanguíneo del órgano
Perfusion
95
Tipo de fijadores como el calor, congelación y microondas
Fijadores físicos
96
Coagulantes más comunes y son fijadores químicos
Alcohol etílico , metilico y fe olivo
97
Aditivos más comunes y cual es el considerado como principal fijador
El tetroxide de osmio , formaldehído y paraformaldehido y glutarldehido , ácido picrico, ácido acético
98
Velocidad de fijación del formaldehído y a que profundidad llega
1.0 mm por hora y profundidad máxima de 5 mm
99
Se le da un segundo uso además de ser caro y tiene afinidad por los lípidos
Tetroxide de osmio
100
Sustancia mas empleada para el aclara miento
Xileno y tolueno o cloroformo
101
Se extrae del árbol de Campeche y su componente activo es la hemateina
Hematoxilina
102
Tiñe neuronas procesos neuronales y fibras reticulares
Tincion de plata
103
Tiñe amiloide el cual es un material extracellular de secreción
Rojo Congo
104
Azul de Prusia tiñe
Hierro
105
Colorante de los núcleos de la célula empleado en MET
Azul de toluidina
106
Tiñe ADN
Azul de metileno
107
Tincion de plata empleada para observar complejo de golgi
Tincion de defand tiñe de color marrón