Micro Exam 3 - Ch 14 Flashcards by Brittani Rosier

What are innate, natural defenses?

Defenses that are present at birth, provide nonspecific resistance to infection

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What are adaptive immunitites?

Specific immunities that must be acquired

You ARE NOT born with them

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Describe the First Line of Defense

Innate
Nonspecific
No Immunologic Memory

Physical barriers (skin, tears, coughing, etc.)
Chemical Barriers (pH, digestive enzymes_
Genetic Barriers

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Describe the Second Line of Defense

Innate
Mostly Nonspecific
No Immunologic Memory

Phagocytosis, Inflammation, Fever, Interferons, Complements

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Describe the Third Line of Defense

Acquired
Specific
DOES HAVE Immunologic Memory

T Lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, antibodies

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First Line of Defense: Quick Definition

Any barrier that blocks invasion at the portal of entry

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Second Line of Defense: Quick Definition

Protective cells and fluids, inflammation and phagocytosis

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Third Line of Defense: Quick Definition

Acquired with exposure to foreign substances that produces protective antibodies and creates memory cells

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What are the 3 categories of innate/nonspecific defenses?

Physical/Anatomical barriers at body surface
Chemical Defenses
Genetic Resistance to infection

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How do mucous membranes help in immunity?

Impeded attachment and entry of bacteria
Ciliary defense - nasal hairs trap larger particles

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What are nonspecific chemical defenses on skin? (6)

Sebaceous secretions
Antimicrobial secretions from meibomian glands
Lysozymes
Defensins
High lactic acid and electrolyte concentration in sweat
Skin’s acidic pH

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What are lysozymes?

An enzyme on skin that hydrolyzes the cell wall of bacteriaW

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What are defensins?

Peptides that lyse bacteria and fungi

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What are nonspecific chemical defenses inside the body (not on skin)?

HCL in the stomach
Digestive juices and bile of intestines
Antimicrobial chemicals in semen
Acidic pH in vagina

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What are the 3 primary functions of a healthy immune system?

Surveillance of the body
Recognition and differentiation of normal versus foreign material
Attack against and destruction of entities deemed to be foreign

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Why are white blood cells (leukocytes) important?

They have an innate capacity to recognize and differentiate any foreign material

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What are Pathogen-associated patterns? (PAMPs)

Molecules shared by microorganisms for recognition by the immune system. Literal patterns on the outside that receptors recognize.

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What are Pathogen Recognition Receptors? (PRRs)

Receptors on white blood cells that recognize the pathogen-associated patterns

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Name 4 body compartments that participate in immune function

Reticuloendothelial system (RES)
Extracellular fluid (ECF)
Bloodstream
Lymphatic System

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What are stem cells?

Undifferentiated cells, precursor of new blood cells

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What are the three primary cell lines that stem cells can differentiate to?

Platelets (Thrombocytes)
Red Blood Cells
Leukocytes/White Blood Cells

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What are the two categories of leukocytes? What is the difference?

Granular or Agranular

Granulocytes have a LOBED NUCLEUS.
Agranulocytes have a unlobed, ROUNDED nucleus.

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A Hematopoietic stem cell can go to what two categoires?

Myeloid Stem Cell or Lymphoid Stem Cell

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What is a myeloid stem cell?

A stem cell that differentiates to all blood cells EXCEPT lymphocytes

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What are the categories that myeloid stem cells can become? (3)

RBCs Megakaryocytes/Platelets Granular Leukocytes

What are the 4 categories of Granular Leukocytes?

Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil Mast Cells

What are the 4 categories that lymphoid stem cells can become?

Monocytes T Lymphocytes B Lymphocytes Natural Killer Cells

What can monocytes further become?

Macrophages or Dendritic Cells

What can B lymphocytes further become?

Plasma cells

What are Neutrophils function? What do they look like?

Phagocytes! Lobed nucleus with lavender granules

What is the % of neutrophils?

55-90%

What are eosinophils' function? What do they look like?

Destroy eukaryotic pathogens Bilobed nucleus with orange granules

What is the % of eosinohpils?

1-3%

What are basophils' function? What do they look like?

Release portent chemical mediators Constricted nuclei with dark blue granules

What is the function of the lymphatic system? (3)

1. Provides a route for ECF to return to the circulatory system 2. Drain-off for inflammatory response 3. Surveillance, recognition, and protection against foreign material

What is lymph? What is its function?

A plasma-like liquid Made when components of blood leave the vessels Mostly water, salts, and 2-5% protein Function is to transport white blood cells, fats, cellular debris, and infectious agents

What are the primary organs of the lymphatic system? What makes them primary?

Thymus Gland and Bone Marrow Primary because this is where the lymphatic cells and produced and matured. Secondary are only involved in circulation.

What are the secondary organs of the lymphatic system?

Lymph Nodes Spleen

What is the function of the thymus?

Site of T-cell maturation Very active until puberty, then shrinks

What are the lymph nodes?

Small, encapsulated bean-shaped orangs along lymphatic channels and large blood vessels

What are 5 mechanisms that are important in host defenses?

1. Recognition 2. Inflammation 3. Phagocytosis 4. Interferon 5. Complement

What is an inflammatory response?

A reaction to any traumatic event in the tissues that attempts to restore homeostasis Helps to cellular away invading microbes and cellular debris left be immune reactions

What are 4 symptoms in an inflammatory response?

Redness, warmth, swelling, pain

What initiates a fever?

Pyrogens - they reset the hypothalamus

What are exogenous pyrogens?

Products of infectious agents Endotoxins

What are endogenous pyrogens?

Liberated by monocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages during phagocytosis Includes interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

What are 3 benefits of a fever?

1. Inhibits multiplication of microbes 2. Impeded nutrition for microbes by reducing iron 3. Stimulates immune reactions

How do phagocytes recognize foreign molecules?

Toll-like receptors on cell membranes They detect foreign molecules and signal the macrophage to produce chemicals to stimulate an immune response

"Red flags" shared by many microbes that act as signals for white blood cells are known as:

PAMPs.

The receptors that are the best understood example of pattern recognition receptors found on phagocytes, that recognize common molecules patterns on microbes and stimulate the inflammatory response, are

toll-like receptors

The system that functions in the immune system by providing a passageway within and between tissues is the mononuclear

phagocyte system

In addition to phagocytosis and initiation of inflammation, white blood cells have the capacity to discover foreign substances using surface receptors known as

pattern recognition receptors

Name 3 bacterial PAMPs?

Lipopolysaccharide Peptidoglycan Flagellin

The main important role of the mononuclear phagocyte system in immune function is:

the provision of a passageway within and between tissues.

Plasma contains globulin proteins, which include

antibodies

Pluripotent stem cells differentiate into red blood cells, ______, or _______

White blood cells, or platelets

Leukocytes that circulate in the blood in high numbers but spend most of their life in the tissues serving as phagocytes are

Neutrophils

What do eosinophils target?

Worms

WBCs that share some morphological and functional similarities with mast cells, and that parallel many of the actions of eosinophils are

basophils

A non-motile cell that is bound to connective tissue along capillaries and contains granules that store (and release) mediators of inflammation and allergy such as histamine is known as

a mast cell

Stem cells can differentiate into which of the following cell types?

Thrombocytes Red blood cells White blood cells

The second most predominant type of leukocyte in circulation is the

lymphocyte

Which cell type has a pale-staining, constricted nucleus and contains granules with potent chemical mediators such as histamine?

Basophil

A cell that produces and secretes antibodies is a(n)

plasma cell

The group of leukocytes that includes B cells, NK cells, and T cells, are known generally as

lymphocytes

Monocytes may leave the circulation and differentiate into

macrophages

A line of phagocytic, antigen-presenting cells that are named for their long, thin cell processes are known as

dendritic cells

A line of phagocytic, antigen-presenting cells that are named for their long, thin cell processes are known as

Dendritic cells

functions of macrophages?

Processing and presenting foreign molecules to lymphocytes Phagocytosis and killing of foreign cells Secreting compounds that attract immune cells

Where is the spleen located?

Upper left abdomen

Organs lined with mucous membranes contain a discrete population of lymphocytes and other white blood cells known as ______ to respond to the constant influx of microbes through theses portals of entry.

MALT

Which associated lymphoid tissue provides immune function against intestinal pathogens and is a significant source of some types of antibodies?

GALT

What is/are the role(s) of the lymph nodes?

Providing sites for immune reactions Provision of immune cells Filtration of lymphatic fluid

The associated lymphoid tissue that includes the appendix and Peyer's patches is

GALT

A chemical substance produced by blood cells and tissue cells that regulates development, inflammation, and immunity is a(n)

cytokine

The main functions of the inflammatory response are:

mobilization and attraction of immune components to the site of infection or trauma destroy microbes and block their further invasion repair of damaged tissues

Protein-rich fluid that builds up in the extracellular spaces during inflammation is called

Exudate

Look up cytokines and chemcial mediators

cytokines chemical mediators

During inflammation, when serum exudate, tissue debris, leukocytes, and microorganisms form an opaque matter, the material is called ______.

Pus

The movement of white blood cells out of capillaries into deeper tissues is called

diapedesis

The migration of WBCs toward chemical stimuli from an injured area is the process of

chemotaxis

Pyogenic microbes form

pus

If inflammatory reactions last more than a few days, specific immune reactions of _______ immunity begin.

acquired

Sometimes a mild inflammation can be resolved by _____ and ______

edema and phagocytosis

the main phagocytic cells of the immune system? (4)

Macrophages Dendritic cells Monocytes Neutrophils

Which cells are elevated in bacterial infections?

neutrophils

What are small protein molecules that are produced by certain leukocytes and tissue cells in response to viral infection called?

interferons

nterferons only bind to virally infected host cell receptors. (T/F)

False

What do interferons stimulate cells to do?

Produce antiviral proteins

A cascade of serum proteins that forms a membrane attack complex makes up the

complement system

Which type(s) of host cells produce interferon in the case of a viral infection?

Virally infected cells only

The process by which complement proteins coat pathogens with molecules that make them more attractive to phagocytes is called

opsonization

By what mechanism does the membrane attack complex destroy pathogens?

perforation

To which receptors do interferons bind?

Uninfected host cell receptors

The complement system is a cascade of serum proteins that, when activated, results in all of the following EXCEPT:

enhancement of antibody production.

Micro Exam 3 - Ch 14 Flashcards

(96 cards)