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Micro-nutrients Flashcards

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1
Q

Where are fat-soluble vitamins stored

A

adipose tissue or liver

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2
Q

Where are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed?

A

small intestine

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3
Q

Where are water-soluble vitamins stored?

A

they are not stored

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4
Q

Where are water-soluble vitamins absorbed?

A

small intestine

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5
Q

What are fat-soluble vitamins?

A

DEKA

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6
Q

What are water-soluble vitamins?

A

B, C and choline

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7
Q

Are fat or water-soluble vit morelikely to accumulate?

A

Fat-soluble vitamins

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8
Q

Can cooking lead to losses in fat-soluble vitamin?

A

No. Cooking increases the avilabality of fat-soluble vit

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9
Q

What is the name of vitamin A that is commonly found in the body?

A

Retinoid

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10
Q

What is the flow of conversion of retionoid forms?

A

retinol -> retinal -> retinoic acid

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11
Q

what does retinoid exist as most of the time?

A

Cis or trans

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12
Q

One molecule of B-carotene can be converted to what?

A

retinal

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13
Q

What are pro-vitamin A?

A

Carotenoid

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14
Q

Carotenoid can be converted to what?

A

carotene, carotene and cryptoxanthin

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15
Q

What is the name of the test that allows you to determine how much Vitamin A you have?

A

Dark Adaptation test

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16
Q

What form of vitamin A helps you to see things more clearly in the dark?

A

RetinOl

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17
Q

What form of vitamin A helps to secrete mucus in the eyes?

A

retinoic acid

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18
Q

What is the disease called if u have dry eyes?

A

xerophthalmia

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19
Q

What are the functions of vitamin A?

A

Vision
Maintain cellular differentiation
Maintain integrity of the cell
Maintain cellular integrity of stomach and lungs
Prevents bacteria from moving from one place to another
Maintain healthy skin
Promote normal growth in children

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20
Q

What causes vit. A toxicity? Carotenoids or retinoids?

A

Retinoids

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21
Q

What are the sources of Vit. D?

A

Sunlight

Food - eggs, mushroom, fish and milk

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22
Q

What happens to vit. D in the body?

A

Sun -> vit D (skin) -> liver vit D 25(OH)D -> kidney -> activated form (1,25(OH)2D) where there’s 2 hydroxyl

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23
Q

What are the use of the activated form of vit D?

A

Stomach - increases the absorption of Ca
Bone -> releases Ca and P from the bones
Kidney -> Increases re-absorprion of Ca from urine

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24
Q

Who are at-risk of Vit D definiciency?

A

Anybody with low exposure to sunlight

Liver or kidney disease

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25
What are the 2 diseases that can arise from Vit D deficiency?
Rickets (children) | Osteomalacia (adults)
26
What is osteomalacia?
Soft bones
27
How can you measure the risk of Vit D deficiency?
Concentration of 25(OH)D in the body. Sufficient: 50 nM Clinical deficiency ; <25nM Rickets : <15 nM
28
What are the key organs needed to make active form?
Liver and kidney
29
What are the sources of Vit E?
Plant Sources - vegetable oil, almonds, peanuts, avocado | Animal sources - Poultry, Eggs, Fish
30
What is the function of Vit E in the body?
Anti-oxidant Vit E donates an electron to free radicals -> Vit E gets oxidised in the process -> Vit E regenerated with the help of Vit C
31
Is Vit E deficiency rare in humans?
Yes
32
Who are at-risk of Vit E deficiency?
Fat malabsorption | Preterm infants
33
Is Vit E toxicity rare in humans?
Yes because it can be excreted in the bile
34
Vitamin E help prevent cancer and heart disease. True of False?
False
35
Vitamin E help slow progression of eye disease. True or false?
True
36
What are the sources of Vit K?
Plant - vegetable oil, leafy vegetables | Animal Sources - milk, liver
37
What are the functions of Vit K?
Blood clotting | Bone mineralization
38
Who are at-risk of Vit K deficiency?
Newborns | People who suffer from fat mal-absorprion
39
Is Vit K deficiency in adult rare?
Yes
40
Megadoses of Vit A and Vit E does not impede Vit K action. T or F
False
41
Vit D, E, A, K, thiamin have upper limits. True or false?
False. Only D, E and A have.
42
What are the sources of Vit K?
Phylloquinone (plant), Menoquinone (animal)
43
Vit E and K can be excreted in the bile. T or F?
True
44
What are two types of water-soluble vit?
B-complex and vit C
45
Describe Vit B
A group of 8 vitamins mainly thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, folate,
46
Which vitamins are used for energy metabolism?
Thiamin, Niacin and RIboflavin are mainly used for energy metabolism
47
What are the sources of Vit B?
whole grains
48
What is the function of thiamin?
In the form of thiamin pyrophosphate, it is needed for macronutrient metabolism
49
What is Beri-beri?
Beri-beri is the name for thiamin deficiency. There are two types of beri-beri. Dry and Wet beri beri. Symptoms of beri-beri can only be observed after 14 days of thiamin-free diet
50
What is cerebral beri beri
double vision (raven and son), impaired metnal health (joker)
51
What is dry beri-beri
neurological symptoms like weight loss, memory loss
52
What is wet beri-beri
cardiovascular disease, heart enlargement
53
Alcoholics cannot develop beri beri. True or false
False. Alcohol decreases absorption of thiamin increases excretion Alcoholics have poor diet
54
Too much riboflavin can result in what?
Yellow pee
55
What are the sources of riboflavin?
Milk, eggs, meat, green leafy vegetables
56
What are the functions of riboflavin?
act as cofactors for metabolism of macronutrients | folate metabolism
57
What are the deficiency in riboflavin called? Describe them
Glosstitis : enlarged tongue | Angular stomatitis: inflammation around the corner of mouth
58
What are the sources of Niacin?
Coffee
59
What are the functions of niacin?
metabolism of macronutrient | fatty acid synthesis
60
What is the deficiency in riboflavin called? Describe it. Brain, eyes, skin, stomach
Pellagra. Characterized by 4Ds: Dementia (brain), Death (Eyes), Dermatitis (Skin), Diarrhoea (stomach)
61
What is Casal's necklace associated to?
Pellagra. Red patches that appear on the skin thats not exposed to sunlight
62
What are the sources of vitamin B6?
Plant: Carrots, spinach Animal: Meat, Poultry, Fish
63
What are the 2 names of vitamin B6?
Pyridoxine (plants), pyridoxamine, pyridoxal (animals)
64
What are the functions of B6?
``` Synthesis of haem synthesis of neurotransmitters synthesis of non-essential amino acid metabolism of fatty acids utilization of glycogen in the body ```
65
What happens if you have Vit B6 deficiency?
``` anemia neuromuscular problems co-exists with other deficiencies like Riboflavin def - angular stomatitis Niacin deficiency - dermatitis ```
66
What happens if you have B6 excess?
walking difficulties and hand/foot numbness
67
What are folate sources?
Leafy vegetables, liver | Synthetic - supplements
68
What are the functions of folate?
Participates in one-carbon transfer - > synthesis of nucleotide - > conversion of amino acids - > conversion of homocysteine to methionine
69
Folate deficiency?
Macrotyic anemia (RBC), lower immunity (WBC)
70
At-risk groups of folate deficiency?
pregnant women, elderly, alcoholics
71
Folate toxicity can potentially mask B6 deficiency. T or F
False. B12 deficiency
72
What is vitamin B12 made of?
Group of compounds with cobalt centre
73
What are the sources of Vit B12?
Only animal foods
74
Vitamin B6 requires IF produced by cells in the body. T or F
False. Vitamin B12 requires IF.
75
What is the function of B12?
Conversion of homocysteine to methionine to prevent cardiovascular diseases
76
What are the causes of B12 deficiency?
inadequte intake: vegans inadequate absorption: malabsorption atrophic gatstritis gastrectomy
77
What are the sources of Vit C?
Fruits like oranges and strawberries
78
What are the functions of Vit C?
``` also acts as an anti-oxidant helps in the reduction of Vit E act as hydrogen donors to convert ascrobate to dehydroascorbate synthesis of collagen use of fatty acids for generating energy helps in absorption of iron ```
79
Describe Scurvy
``` Vit C deficiency. muscle/ bone pain (imagine epileptic) progressive weakness (faints) Subcutaneous bleeding (bled ouch) delayed wound healing ```
80
What are sources of calcium?
Milk, soya beans
81
What can help Ca absorption and what can inhibit Ca absorption?
Enhance: Vit D, lactose, acidity Inhibit: Phytates, Oxalates
82
Folic acid is better absorbed than folate. T or F
True
83
Define pernidous anemia
B12 deficiency due to IF
84
How is Ca excreted?
Urine: increased by high Ca intake, high protein intake decreased by active vit D Fecal losses
85
How is Ca concentration in the plasma controlled / how are bones maintained?
If low, Vit D will be activated to relaease Ca from bones and increase absorbtion from foof and re-absorption of Ca in urine If high, thyroid will release Calcitonin
86
What is Calcium deficiency called?
Osteoporosis.
87
Which vitamins help osteoporosis patients?
Vit D, A, C, K
88
Calcium does not increase the risk of prostate cancer and kidney stones but increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. T or F
False. Calcium increases risk of prostate cancer and kidney stones but it does not increase the risk of cardiovascular disease
89
What are the sources of iron?
``` Plant foods (non-haem): Green vegetables, legumes Animal foods (haem): meat and fish ```
90
Describe haem iron and non-haem iron.
Haem iron is more easily absorbed than non-haem. | Haem iron is in the ferrous form while non-haem is in the ferric form
91
What is the function of iron?
Haemoglobin: Oxygen carrier in body myoglobin: oxygen carrier in muscle
92
What is iron deficiency called?
Microtyic anemia
93
Who is at-risk of iron deficiency?
vegetarians, menstruating women, blood donor
94
Iron toxicity is rare. T or F. Explain your answer
False. Large stores in the body (Hemochromatosis, over-supplementation or blood transfusion) Acute toxicity (Supplements)
95
What are the functions of sodium?
glucose absorption muscle contraction and nerve transmission maintains water balance
96
What are the effects of excess sodium intake?
high blood pressure, risk of osteoporosis because high sodium intake increases urine and consequently, Ca is lost. Stomach cancer

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