Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Step 1 - Quick Decks > Micro Quick Facts > Flashcards

Micro Quick Facts Flashcards

(51 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

microbes that do not Gram stain well

A

Treponema, Leptospira (too thin to be visualized); Mycobacteria (cell wall has high lipid content); Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma (no cell wall); Legionella, Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Bartonella, Anaplasma, Ehrlichia

“These Little Microbes May Unfortunately Lack Real Color But Are Everywhere”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

microbes visualized with Giemsa stain

A

Chlamydia, Rickettsia, Trypanosomes, Borrelia, Helicobacter pylori, Plasmodium

“Clumsy Rick Tripped on a Borrow Helicopter Plastered in Gems”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

microbes visualized with periodic acid-Schiff stain

A

Tropheryma whipplei (used to diagnose Whipple disease - stains glycogen, mucopolysaccharides)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

microbes visualized with Ziehl-Neelsen stain (carbol fuchsin)

A

acid-fast bacteria (Mycobacteria, Nocardia - stains mycolic acid in cell wall), protozoa (Cryptosporidium oocysts)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

microbes visualized with India ink stain

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

mucicarmine can also be used to stain thick polysaccharide capsule red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

microbes visualized with silver stain

A

Helicobacter pylori, Legionella, Bartonella henselae, and fungi (Coccidioides, Pneumocystis jirovecii, Aspergiluus fumigatus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

culture requirements: H. influenzae

A

chocolate agar

contains factor V (NAD+) and X (hematin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

culture requirements: N. gonorrhoeae, N. miningitidis

A

Thayer-Martin agar

inhibits growth of gram positive organisms (vancomycin), gram negative organisms except Neisseria (trimethoprim and colistin), and fungi (nystatin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

culture requirements: B. pertussis

A

Bordet-Gengou agar, Regan-Lowe medium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

culture requirements: C. diphtheriae

A

Tellurite agar, Loffler medium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

culture requirements: M. tuberculosis

A

Lowenstein-Jensen medium, Middlebrook medium, rapid automated broth cultures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

culture requirements: M. pneumoniae

A

Eaton agar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

culture requirements: lactose-fermenting enterics

A

MacConkey agar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

culture requirements: E. coli

A

eosin-methylene blue (EMB) agar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

culture requirements: Brucella, Francisella, Legionella, Pasturella

A

charcoal yeast extract agar buffered with cysteine and iron

“The Ella Siblings, Bruce and Francis, a legionnaire and a pastor, built the Sistine chapel out of charcoal and iron”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

culture requirements: fungi

A

Sabouraud agar

“Sab’s a fun guy!”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

encapsulated bacteria

A

“Please SHINE my SKiS”:

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus Influenzae type b, Neisseria meningitidis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Klebsiella pneumoniae, group B Streptococcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

anaerobic bacteria

A

Clostridium, Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Actinomyces israelii

“anaerobes can’t breathe fresh air”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

streptococci, staphylococci, enteric gram negative bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

obligate intracellular bacteria

A

Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Coxiella

“stay inside when it’s really chilly and cold”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

facultative intracellular bacteria

Study These Flashcards
A

Salmonella, Neisseria, Brucella, Mycobacterium, Listeria, Francisella, Legionella, Yersinia pestis

“Some Nasty Bugs May Live facultativeLY”

22
Q

urease-positive organisms

Study These Flashcards
A

Proteus, Cryptococcus, H. pylori, Ureaplasma, Nocardia, Klebsiella, S. epidermidis, S. saprophyticus

“Pee CHUNKSS”

23
Q

catalase-positive organsims

Study These Flashcards
A

Bordetella pertussis, Helicobacter pylori, Burkholderia cepacia, Nocardia, Pseudomonas, Listeria, Aspergillus, Candida, E. coli, Serratia, Staphylococci

Borderline Helpful Buttons, Nokia Phones Listen Astutely. Can Even Sarah Stop?

24
Q

[?] produce yellow “sulfur” granules, which are composed of filaments of bacteria

Study These Flashcards
A

Actinomyces israelli

25
[?] produces a golden yellow pigment
S. aureus
26
[?] produces a blue-green pigment
P. aeruginosa (pyocyanin and pyoverdin)
27
[?] produces a red pigment
Serratia marcescens
28
in vivo biofilm-producing bacteria
S. epidermidis: catheter and prosthetic device infections: Viridans streptococci (S. mutans, S. sanguinis): dental plaques, infective endocarditis P. aeruginosa: respiratory tree colonization in CF patients, ventilator-associated pneumonia, contact lens-associated keratitis non-typeable (unencapsulated) H. influenzae: otitis media
29
spore-forming bacteria
B. anthracis, B. cereus, C. botulinum, C. difficile, C. perfringes, C. tetani all spore-forming bacteria are gram positive
30
protein A is a virulence factor expressed by [?]
S. aureus binds Fc region of IgG; prevents opsonization and phagocytosis
31
IgA protease is a virulence factor expressed by [?]
S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae type b, Neisseria enzyme that cleaves IgA, allowing bacteria to adhere to and colonize mucous membranes
32
M protein is a virulence factor expressed by [?]
group a streptococci helps prevent phagocytosis; sequence homology with human cardiac myosin (molecular mimicry) - may underlie autoimmune response seen in acute rheumatic fever
33
diphtheria toxin
Corynebacterium diphtheriae inactivates elongation factor (EF-2) pharyngitis with pseudomembranes in throat and severe lymphadenopathy (bull neck), myocarditis
34
exotoxin A
Pseudomonas aeruginosa inactivates elongation factor (EF-2) host cell death
35
Shiga toxin
Shigella species, Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) inactivates 60S ribosome by removing adenine from rRNA dysentery, hemolytic-uremic syndrome (EHEC)
36
heat-labile toxin (LT)
enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) over-activates adenylate cyclase (increases cAMP) => increase Cl- secretion in gut and H2O efflux watery diarrhea
37
heat-stable toxin (ST)
enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) over-activates guanylate cyclase (increases cGMP) => decrease resorption of NaCl and H2O in gut watery diarrhea
38
anthrax toxin
Bacillus anthracis mimics adenylate cyclase (increases cAMP) edematous borders of black eschar in cutaneous anthrax
39
cholera toxin
Vibrio cholerae over-activates adenylate cyclase (increase cAMP) by permanently activating Gs voluminous "rice-water" diarrhea
40
bacteria that increase cAMP = [?]
Cholera, Anthracis, Pertussis, E. Coli "increase cAMP with CAPE"
41
pertussis toxin
Bordetella pertussis activates adenylate cyclase (increase cAMP) by inactivating Gi inhibitory subunit whooping cough (child coughs on expiration and "whoops" on inspiration), "100-day cough" in adults, posttussive emesis
42
tetanospasmin
Clostridium tetani protease that cleaves SNARE (a set of proteins required for neurotransmitter release via vesicular fusion) => prevents release of inhibitor neurotransmitters (GABA, glycine) spastic paralysis, risus sardonicus, trismus (lockjaw), opisthotonos
43
botulism toxin
Clostridium botulinum protease that cleaves SNARE (a set of proteins required for neurotransmitter release via vesicular fusion) => prevents release of excitatory neurotransmitter (acetylcholine) infant botulism, foodborne botulism
44
alpha toxin
Clostridium perfringens phospholipase (lecithinase) that degrades tissue and cell membranes myonecrosis ("gas gangrene") and hemolysis ("double zone" of hemolysis on blood agar)
45
streptolysin O
Streptococcus pyogenes protein that degrades cell membrane; lyses RBCs contributes to B hemolysis; host antibodies against toxin (ASO) used to diagnose rheumatic fever
46
toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1)
Staphylococcus aureus cross-links B region of TCR to MHC class II on APCs outside of antigen binding site => overwhelming release of IL-1, IL-2, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha toxic shock-like syndrome: fever, rash, shock, scarlet fever
47
novobiocin sensitivity test: [?] is resistant; [?] is sensitive
saprophyticus is resistant, epidermidis is sensitive
48
optochin sensitivity test: [?] is resistant; [?] is sensitive
Viridans is resistant, Pneumoniae is sensitive
49
bacitracin sensitivity test: [?] is resistant; [?] is sensitive
group B strep are resistant; group A strep are sensitive
50
alpha-hemolytic bacteria
partial oxidation of hemoglobin => greenish or brownish color without clearing around growth on blood agar Streptococcus pneumonia, viridans streptococci
51
beta-hemolytic bacteria
complete lysis of RBCs => pale/clear area surroudnign colony on blood agar Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes (group A strep), Streptococcus agalactiae (group B strep), Listeria monocytogenes

Step 1 - Quick Decks (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions