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Micro: Quick Facts Flashcards

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1
Q

ferment glucose with acid production

A

Shigella
E. coli
Salmonella

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2
Q

Gram ( - ) facultative anaerobic rods

A

Shigella
E. coli
Salmonella

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3
Q

reduce nitrates to nitrite

A

Shigella
E. coli
Salmonella

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4
Q

oxidase negative

A

Shigella
E. coli
Salmonella

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5
Q

motile

A

E. coli
Salmonella
Vibrio
H. pylori

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6
Q

non-motile

A

Shigella

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7
Q

H antigen

A

flagella

Shigella, E. coli, Salmonella

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8
Q

O antigen

A

LPS

Shigella, E. coli, Salmonella, Vibrio cholerae

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9
Q

non-lactose fermenting

A

Shigella

Salmonella

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10
Q

Daycare centers

A

Shigella

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11
Q

invade epithelial M cells

A

Shigella

Salmonella enteritidis and enterica

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12
Q

spread to adjacent cells via membrane bound protrusions

A

Shigella

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13
Q

formins

A

cellular actin polymerization proteins needed for membrane bound protrusion
Shigella

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14
Q

reactive arthritis

A

arthritis, urethritis, conjunctivitis
more common in HLAB27
Shigella, Salmonella enteritidis, Campylobacter jejuni, Yersinia enterocolitica

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15
Q

hemolytic uremic sndrome

A

microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (SCHISTOCYTES), thrombocytopenia
EHEC: main cause of HUS in kids
Shigella (less common)
AKI with dialysis required in over half of pts
neuro Sx: seizures, somnolence

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16
Q

Shiga toxin

A

AB toxin

Shigella dysenteriae

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17
Q

E. coli that can’t ferment sorbitol

A

0157: H7 EHEC

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18
Q

hamburgers

A

EHEC

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19
Q

contaminated vegetables/milk

A

EHEC

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20
Q

hemorrhagic colitis

A

EHEC

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21
Q

Shiga-like toxin

A

AB toxin

EHEC

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22
Q

PAI

A

EHEC

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23
Q

Type III secretion system

A

EHEC
Salmonella enteritidis
H. pylori

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24
Q

Locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE)

A 
EHEC, EPEC
1. PAI
2. type III secretion delivers E. coli receptor to host cell
3. pedestal formation for attachment
4. attaching and effacement lesions
responsible for diarrhea
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25
AB toxin
EHEC, Shigella B: binds toxin to its receptor on cell A: enters cytosol and cleaves adenine residue from the 28S rRNA of 60S ribosomal subunit, halts protein synthesis and causes death
26
Sorbitol MacConkey
white: 0157:H7 EHEC | red/pink (ferments sorbitol): other EHEC and E. coli
27
infectious diarrhea that normally only req. supportive care
``` EHEC Campylobacter jejuni Yersinia entercolitica Bacillus cereus S. aureus ```
28
antidiarrheals CI
EHEC | increase risk of systemic complications
29
antibiotics CI
EHEC | not beneficial and may induce HUS (Shiga toxin release)
30
produces H2S
Salmonella
31
poultry and eggs
``` Salmonella enteritidis Campylobacter jejuni (chicken) ```
32
dairy
Salmonella enteritidis
33
pet turtles and lizards
Salmonella enteritidis
34
endovascular infection
Salmonella enteritidis
35
osteomyelitis
Salmonella enteritidis
36
predilection for aortic plaques and bone prostheses
Salmonella enteritidis
37
South-central Asia
Salmonella enterica (typhoid)
38
Central/South America
Shigella dysenteriae
39
poor access to sanitation
Salmonella enterica
40
GI tract perforation
Salmonella enterica
41
hypertrophy of Peyer's patches
Salmonella enterica
42
chronic carriage in biliary tract
Salmonella enterica
43
area with high rate of fluoroquinolone (ciprofloxacin) resistance
South Asia
44
rose spots
faint salmon colored macules on trunk/abdomen | Salmonella enterica
45
hepatosplenomegaly
Salmonella enterica
46
traveler's diarrhea
ETEC EAEC Campylobacter jejuni
47
spiral shaped Gram ( - )
Campylobacter jejuni
48
unpasteurized milk
Campylobacter jejuni
49
Guillian Barre syndrome
molecular mimicry: Ab to C. jejuni LPS cross react with peripheral and central nervous system gangliosides Campylobacter jejuni
50
erythema nodosum
Campylobacter jejuni | Yersinia enterocolitica
51
Europe
Yersinia enterocolitica
52
pork
Yersinia enterocolitica
53
pet feces
Yersinia enterocolitica
54
raw milk
Yersinia enterocolitica
55
pseudoappendicitis
Yersinia enterocolitica
56
pery patch and mesenteric lymph node hyperplasia
Yersinia enterocolitica
57
pharyngitis
Yersinia enterocolitica
58
bipolar staining
Yersinia enterocolitica
59
spore
Clostridium species | Bacillus cereus
60
extotoxin A (enterotoxin)
Clostridium difficile 1. glucosylation of small GTPases 2. stimulate monocytes/macrophages to release IL-8: attracts neutrophils; disruption epithelial tight junctions 3. disrupts colonic mucosal cell adherence to colonic basement membrane and damages villous tips; inflammation leads to fluid secretion
61
exotoxin B (cytotoxin)
Clostridium difficile 1. glucosylation of small GTPases 2. stimulate monocytes/macrophages to release IL-8: attracts neutrophils; disruption epithelial tight junctions 3. depolymerization of actin, resulting in loss of cytoskeletal integrity, apoptosis and death of enterocytes
62
leukocytosis
Clostridium difficile
63
pseudomembranous colitis
Clostridium difficile | psuedomembranes: adherent layer of inflammatory cells and debris at site of colonic muscle injury
64
fulminant colitis
``` Clostridium difficile severe disease (abdominal pain, distention, fever, hypovolemia) ```
65
toxic megacolon
Clostridium difficile | colon dilation greater than 7cm with severe systemic toxicity
66
NAP-1/027
Clostridium difficile hypervirulent strain: more severe disease, lower cure rate, higher rate of relapse lacks tcdC
67
ceftriaxone, cirpo or azithromycin
``` Shigella Typhoid fever (S. enterica) ``` NOT ceftriaxone Campylobacter Vibrio cholerae (also erythromycin, tetracycline)
68
fluoroquinolones (cipro)
Salmonella enteritidis
69
metronidazole
``` C. diff or botulinum or tetani Bacteroides fragilis (or carbapenams; beta lactam with beta lactamse inhibitor) ```
70
vancomycin
C. diff
71
fidaxomycin
C. diff
72
fecal transplants
C. diff
73
heat labile toxin (LT)
ETEC similar to Cholera toxin stimulates AC increasing cAMP: 1. secretion of Chloride from intestinal cell 2. inhibition of sodium chloride at the villous tips water secretion into lumen follows
74
heat stable toxin (ST)
ETEC activates enterocyte cGMP 1. chloride secretion from intestinal cells 2. inhibition of sodium chloride absorption at villous tips water secretion into lumen follows
75
oxidase positive
Vibrio
76
saltwater, warm climate
Vibrio
77
natural and manmade disasters
Vibrio cholerae
78
Asia, Africa, S. America, Indian subcontinent
Vibrio cholerae
79
shellfish
Vibrio cholerae
80
O1 and O139
Vibrio cholerae | responsible for epidemic and pandemic cholera
81
AB toxin (cholera toxin)
Vibrio cholerae 5 B subunits: binds ganglioside receptor on surface of enterocyte A subunit: cytosol: catalyzes addition of ADP-ribose to Gs: overproduction of cAMP, PKA: phosphorylates ion transporters in cell membrane: loss of water and ions from cell into lumen
82
rice water stools
Vibrio cholerae | stools with flecks of mucus, smells fishy
83
acidosis and hypokalemia
Vibrio cholerae
84
MacConkey agar
Vibrio cholerae, Shigella, Salmonella: non-lactose fermenting colorless colonies E. coli: red/pink
85
thiosulfate citrate bile sucrose (TCBS) agar
Vibrio cholerae
86
taurocholate tellurite gelatin agar (TTGA)
Vibrio cholerae
87
needs aggressive volume repletion
Vibrio cholerae, parahaemolyticus
88
Japan
Vibrio parahemolyticus
89
doxycycline
Vibrio parahaemolyticus Vibrio vulnificus: plus Cefotaxime/Ceftriaxone
90
bullous skin lesion
Vibrio vulnificus
91
fried rice
Bacillus cereus
92
preformed toxin
Bacillus cereus | S. aureus
93
superantigen
S. aureus | stimulate IL-1/2 release
94
potato salad
S. aureus
95
lack SOD and catalase
anaerobes
96
abscesses
anaerobes
97
polymicrobial infections
often anaerobes
98
capsule
bacteroides fragilis UPEC E. coli that causes neonatal meningitis
99
abscesses below the diaphragm
bacteriodes fragilis
100
lung abscesses
bacteriodes fragilis | Prevotella melaningogenica
101
pelvic or peri-rectal abscess
bacteriodes fragilis
102
resistant to penicillin | susceptible to carbapenems, combination beta lactam and beta lactamse inhibitor
Bacteriodes fragilis
103
disease above the diaphragm
Prevotella melaninogenica
104
oral/peridontal abscess
Prevotella melaninogenica
105
chronic otitis, sinusitis
Prevotella melaninogenica
106
boxcar
C. perfringens
107
gas gangrene
C. perfringens
108
psych inpatient facilities outbreaks
C. perfringens
109
alpha toxin
C. perfringens
110
AB neurotoxin
C. tetani 1. enters NM junction and is transported by motor neurons to ganglia 2. binds irreversibly to ganglioside receptors and blocks release of inhibitory NT (glycine and GABA) by cleaving SNARE
111
trimus
lockjaw | C. tetani
112
risus sardonicus
grimace | C. tetani
113
opisthotonos
pronounced arching of back due to spasm of extensor muscles | C. tetani
114
HTIG
human tetanus immune globulin neutralizes toxin C. tetani
115
home canned foods
C. botulinum
116
fish
C. botulinum
117
raw honey
C. botulinum
118
inhaled spores in carpet
C. botulinum
119
most potent AB toxin
C. botulinum 8 (A-H) antigenic types cleave SNARE proteins and prevent release of ACh at NM junction
120
dysphasia and blurred vision
C. botulinum
121
symmetric descending flaccid paralysis
C. botulinum
122
spastic paralysis
C. tetani
123
floppy baby syndrome
C. botulinum
124
horse anti-toxin
C. botulinum | for those over 1 year of age
125
mechanical ventilation
C. botulinum
126
penicillin
C. botulinum or tetani | metronidazole alternate
127
VacA
H. pylori | vaculolating cytotoxin
128
slender, curved G (-) rod
H. pylori
129
microaerophilic
H. pylori
130
PAI
H. pylori | encoding type III secretion system
131
Cag
H. pylori | rearranges cytoskeleton
132
urease
H. pylori
133
K antigen
capsule | UPEC
134
P fimbriae (PAP pili)
UPEC
135
K1 antigen
capsule | E. coli neonatal meningitis
136
mucinase
V. cholerae | dissolves glycoprotein covering intestinal wall allowing adherence to cells of brush border
137
cardiac and renal failure
V. cholerae
138
wound infections | when might they become severe?
Vibrio parahaemolyticus and vulnificus | liver disease, DM, alcohol, RA, etc.
139
diarrheal syndrome
Bacillus cereus: diarrheal enterotoxin abdominal cramps, copious diarrhea 8-16 hours after ingestion, resolves within 24 hrs vomiting RARE
140
emetic syndrome
Bacillus cereus: CEREULIDE (emetic toxin): heat stable | abdominal cramps, N/V, diarrhea in some, 1-5 hours of ingestion, resolve in 6-24 hours
141
most common cause of serious anaerobic infections
Bacteriodes fragilis
142
need active immunization after recovery
C. tetani | with tetanus toxoid
143
BIG-IV
human-derived botulism immune globulin for infants less than 1 year of age C. botulinum
144
tcdC
negatively regulates transcription and production of A and B toxins in C. difficile NAP-1/027 does NOT have tcdC: responsible for hyper virulence
145
red slant/yellow butt
Shigella | glucose fermented, lactose not
146
red slant/red butt
no fermentation of lactose or glucose
147
red slant/black butt, Gas
Salmonella glucose fermented, lactose not H2 and H2S formed
148
yellow slant/yellow butt, Gas
E. coli | glucose and lactose fermented, H2 formed

GI (12 decks)

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