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Moving > Microanatomy - Muscle & Atrophy > Flashcards

Microanatomy - Muscle & Atrophy Flashcards

1
Q

Features of smooth muscle

A

No striations, centralized nuclei

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2
Q

Features of striated muscle

A

Peripheral nuclei, cross striations, multi nucleated

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3
Q

Features of cardiac muscle

A

Cross striations, intercalated disks, centered nuclei

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4
Q

Features of aerobic muscle fibers

A

Slow twitch, oxidative, fatigue resistant

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5
Q

Features of 2A anaerobic muscle fibers

A

Fast twitch, oxidative + glycolytic, fatigue resistant

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6
Q

Features of 2B anaerobic muscle fibers

A

Fast twitch, fatigue sensitive, glycolytic

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7
Q

Congenital muscle abnormalities

A

Muscular dystrophy
Myotonia
Polysaccharide storage myopathy of horses

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8
Q

Muscular dystrophy

A

Inherited diseases
Progressive muscle degeneration & necrosis

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9
Q

Myotonia

A

Inability of skeletal muscle to relax
Inherited defects in Na/Cl ion channel function
Fainting goats

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10
Q

Polysaccharide storage myopathy

A

PAS +, location of build up pale pocketed on histopath slides = build up of glycogen

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11
Q

Muscle atrophy mechanisms

A

Decrease in size of cell or muscle.
Due to disuse,
cachexia - neoplastic cachexia, low muscle large fat amounts, systemic disease, symmetrical atrophy
denervation - following nerve damage, muscle atrophy occurs rapidly, loss of type 1&2 fibers
endocrine disease - hyperadrenocortism

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12
Q

Muscle hypertrophy

A

Physiologic - increased size due to exercise
Compensatory - partially denervated muscle
Primary muscle abnormality - hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

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13
Q

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

Common in cats, opening shrinks = thickening on ventricular wall & septum
Thrombin atrium & saddle
Predisposed - Persians, Maine coon, American shorthair

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14
Q

Features of gross muscle necrosis

A

Pallor, swelling, white streaks (concurrent mineralization)

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15
Q

Microscopic features of muscle necrosis

A

Fragmented sarcoplasm, hypereosinophilia, regeneration and fibrosis common

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16
Q

Selenium/Vit E muscle necrosis

A

Low levels increase the chance/occurrence of oxidative injury
Common in ruminants, horses, pigs
Tongue, diaphragm and heart most common for examination

17
Q

Toxic causes for muscle necrosis

A

Growth promoting antibiotics
Toxic plants
Adriamycin

18
Q

Ionophore - growth promoting antibiotics

A

Monensin, iasalocid
Toxicity results from Ca overload more common in ruminants than horses

19
Q

Toxic plants

A

Cassia (coffee senna)

20
Q

Adriamycin

A

Chemotherapeutic agent
Cardiac muscle necrosis

21
Q

Exertional muscle necrosis

A

Exertional rhabdomyolysis
Common w horses w underlying PSM
Lumbar muscles severely effected myoglobinuria

22
Q

Capture myopathy

A

Similar to Exertional necrosis. From capture or restrain of nondom species, weakness/tremors
Se

23
Q

Trauma muscle necrosis

A

Crush injury, laceration, diaphragmatic hernia

24
Q

Ischemic muscle necrosis

A

Two kinds, compartment syndrome and downer syndrome

25
Q

Compartment syndrome

A

Swelling and intramuscular pressure within the facial sheath = pressure induced occlusion of blood supply

26
Q

Downer syndrome

A

Pressure induced necrosis in recumbent animals, pressure from weight can lead to ischemia

27
Q

Myositis - morph features & causes

A

Inflammation is the primary lesion, necrosis may be concurrent but is secondary to inflammation
Causes: bacterial, viral, parasitic, immune mediated

28
Q

Bacteria myositis

A

Black leg - clostridium chauvoei
Spore forming G+ anaerobic
Young ruminants, beef>dairy
Muscle injury - hypoxia - activation of latent spores
Sudden death

29
Q

Toxoplasma Gondii myositis

A

Young, small animals
Morphologic ally similar to Neospora caninum

30
Q

Immune mediated myositis

A

Polymyositis
Inflammation targeting skeletal muscle
Acute onset/slow progression
Esophageal dysfunction & resp T distress

31
Q

Immune mediated myositis - masticatory myositis

A

antibodies against 2M myosin protein
Targets masseter & temporalis muscle, difficulty eating. Acute = swollen chronic = atrophy

32
Q

Neoplasia - muscle tumors of striated muscle

A

Rhabdomyoma : occurs in striated muscle, heart of lamb, piglets, larynx of dogs
Rhabdosarcoma : more common, found in bladder of young dogs

33
Q

Neoplasia - muscle tumors of smooth muscle

A

Leiomyoma : GI tract, female repro tract, tan, modular, well delineated mass
Leiomyosarcoma : can occur in any organ

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