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Microbiology > Microbe Human interactions > Flashcards

Microbe Human interactions Flashcards

1
Q

microbes that engage in mutual or commensal associations with humans belong to the?

A

normal resident microbiota

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2
Q

A condition in which pathogenic microbes penetrate hosts defenses, enter tissue, and multiply

A

infection

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3
Q

microbe acting as infection that causes damage or disruption to tissues and organs.

A

pathogen

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4
Q

an infection that causes damage or disruption to tissues and organs

A

infectious disease

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5
Q

colonization of the body involves a constant.

A

“give and take”

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6
Q

microbes that occupy the body for only short periods

A

transients

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7
Q

microbes that become established

A

residents

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8
Q

In many cases, microbiota benefits host by preventing overgrowth of harmful microbes.

A

microbial antagonism

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9
Q

what is the largest and most accessible organ?

A

skin

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10
Q

what cling to the surface but do not grow there; influenced by hygiene.

A

transients

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11
Q

stable, predictable, less influenced by hygiene, primarily bacteria and yeasts

A

residents

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12
Q

variations in flora distribution due to shifting conditions in

A

pH, oxygen tension, anatomy

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13
Q

what is the most diverse and unique flora of the body?

A

microbiota of the mouth

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14
Q

intestinal environment favors

A

anaerobic bacteria

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15
Q

what are the sites of the genitourinary tract?

A

females- vagina and outer opening of urethra
male- anterior urethra

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16
Q

major factors in development of infection finding a portal of entry.

A

skin
GI tract
respiratory tract
urogenital tract
endogenous biota

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17
Q

attaching firmly

A

fimbriae
capsules
surface proteins
viral spikes
hooks

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18
Q

existing hosts: portals of exit

A

respiratory tract, salivary glands
skin cells
fecal matter
urogenital tract
blood

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19
Q

introducing known microbes back into the body

A

probiotics

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20
Q

what are factors that weaken hosts defenses and increase susceptibility to infection?

A

old age, extreme youth
genetic defects
surgery organ transplants

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21
Q

capable of causing disease in healthy persons with normal immune defenses

A

true pathogens

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22
Q

cause disease when the hosts defenses are compromised or when they grow in part of the body that is not natural to them.

A

opportunistic pathogens

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23
Q

characteristic route a microbe follows to enter the tissues of the body.

A

portals of entry

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24
Q

originate from source outside the body ex. Flu

A

exogenous

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25
Q

already exist on or in the body (normal flora)

A

endogenous

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26
Q

characteristic or structure that contributes to the ability of a microbe to cause disease

A

virulence factor

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27
Q

portals of skin

A

skin
gastrointestinal tract
respiratory tract
urogenital tract
transplacental

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28
Q

pathogens that infect during pregnancy STORCH

A

syphilis
toxoplasmosis
other diseases
rubella
cytomegalovirus
herpes simplex virus

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29
Q

minimum number of microbes require for infection to proceed

A

infectious dose (ID)

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30
Q

microbes with a small IDs have a

A

greater virulence ex. measles

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31
Q

what are the 3 phases of an infection

A

phase 1 becoming established
phase 2 attaching to the host
phase 3 invading and becoming established

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32
Q

microbes gain a stable foothold at the portal of entry; dependent on binding between specific molecules on hosts and pathogens.

A

adhesion

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33
Q

how are microbes attach to the host

A

fimbrae
flagella
glycocalyx
cilia
suckers
hooks
barbs

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34
Q

bacteria produced extracellular enzymes that dissolve barriers and penetrate through or between cells to invade underlining tissues

A

exoenzymes

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35
Q

toxins secreted by bacteria damage target cells which die and begin to slough off

A

toxins

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36
Q

specific chemical product of microbes plants and some animals that has poisonous effects on other organ

A

toxinoses

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37
Q

not secreted but released after the host cell is damaged

A

endotoxin

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38
Q

secreted by a living bacterial cell into the infected tissue

A

exotoxin

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39
Q

four distinct stages of clinical infections

A

incubation period
prodromal stage
period of invasion
convalescent period

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40
Q

time from initial contact with the infection agent to the appearance of first symptoms agent is multiplying but damage is insufficient to cause symptoms serval hours years

A

incubation period

41
Q

vague feelings of discomfort

A

prodromal stage

42
Q

multiplies at high levels becomes well-established more specific signs and symptoms.

A

period of invasion

43
Q

as a person begins to respond the infection symptoms decline

A

convalescent period

44
Q

what is the pattern of infection?

A

localized infection
systemic infection
focal infection
mixed infection

45
Q

microbes enter the body and remains confined to a specific tissue

A

localized infection

46
Q

infection spreads to several sites and tissue fluids usually in the bloodstream

A

systemic infection

47
Q

when infectious agent breaks loose from a local infection and is carried to other tissues

A

focal infection

48
Q

several microbes grow simultaneously at the infection site

A

mixed infection

49
Q

objective evidence of disease as noted by an observer

A

sign

50
Q

subjective evidence of disease as sensed by the patient

A

symptom

51
Q

initial infection

A

primary infection

52
Q

subsequent infection by a different microbe

A

secondary infection

53
Q

comes on rapidly severe but short-lived effects ex stomach bug

A

acute infection

54
Q

progress and persists over long period of time ex HIV Herpes

A

chronic infections

55
Q

what are the earliest signs of a disease

A

fever pain soreness swelling edema granulomas abscesses lymphadenitis

56
Q

although infected the host doesn’t show any signs of disease

A

asymptomatic

57
Q

what are the signs of infection in the blood

A

changes in the number of circulating white blood cells

58
Q

increase in white blood cells

A

leukocytosis

59
Q

decrease in white blood cells

A

leukopenia

60
Q

microorganisms are multiplying in the blood and present in large numbers

A

septicemia

61
Q

small numbers of bacteria present in blood not necessarily multiplying

A

bacteremia

62
Q

small number or viruses present not necessarily multiplying

A

viremia

63
Q

portals of exit

A

respiratory and salivary portals
epithelial cells
fecal exit
urogenital tract
removal of blood or bleeding

64
Q

after the initial symptoms in certain chronic diseases the microbe can periodically become active and produce a recurrent diseases person may or may not shed it during the latent stage

A

latency

65
Q

person with a latent infection who sheds the infectious agent

A

chronic carrier

66
Q

long-term or permanent damage to tissues or organs

A

sequelae

67
Q

study of the frequency and distribution of the disease and other health-related factors in defined human populations

A

epidemiology

68
Q

individual who inconspicuously shelters a pathogen and spreads it to others

A

carrier

69
Q

shows no symptoms

A

asymptomatic carrier

70
Q

contained healthcare provider transfers them to other patients

A

passive carrier

71
Q

primary habitat of pathogen in the natural world

A

reservoir

72
Q

individual or object from which an infection is actually acquired

A

source

73
Q

spread the infectious agent during the incubation period

A

incubation carriers

74
Q

recuperating without symptoms

A

convalescent carriers

75
Q

individual who shelters the infectious agent for a long period

A

chronic carrier

76
Q

a live animal that transmits an infectious agent from one host to another

A

vector

77
Q

infection indigenous to animals naturally transmissible to humans

A

zoonosis

78
Q

when an infected host can transmit the infections agent to another host and established infection in that host

A

communicable disease

79
Q

infectious diseases does not arise through transmission from host to host

A

non-communicable

80
Q

physical contact or fine aerosol droplets

A

direct contact

81
Q

passes from infected host to intermediate conveyor and then to another host ex doorknob cell phone

A

indirect contact

82
Q

inanimate material, food, water, biological products, fomites

A

vehicle

83
Q

droplet nuclei, aerosols

A

airborn

84
Q

total number of existing cases with respect to entire population usually represented by a percentage of the population

A

prevalence

85
Q

measures the number of new cases over a certain time period as compared with the general healthy population

A

incidence

86
Q

the total number of deaths in a population due to a certain disease

A

mortality rate

87
Q

number of people afflicted with a certain disease

A

morbidity rate

88
Q

disease that exhibits a relatively steady frequency over a long period of time in a particular geographic locale

A

endemic occurrence

89
Q

when occasional cases are reported at irregular intervals

A

sporadic occurrence

90
Q

what does epidemiologists consider?

A

virulence, portals of entry and exit and the course of disease

91
Q

colleting analyzing and reporting data on rates of occurrence mortality morbidity and transmission of infection

A

surveillance

92
Q

what is the CDC?

A

centers of disease control and prevention principal government agency responsible for keeping track of infectious diseases nationwide

93
Q

who is the WHO?

A

world health organization for worldwide tabulation and control

94
Q

when prevalence of a disease is increasing beyond what is expected

A

epidemic occurrence

95
Q

epidemic across continents

A

pandemic occurrence

96
Q

what are (HAIs)

A

nosocomial infections also called healthcare associated infections are diseases that are acquired or developed during a hospital stay.

97
Q

what are nosocomial infections

A

the most common involve surgical incisions and the respiratory tract, GI tract, skin, urinary tract, and blood sepsis

98
Q

stringent measures to prevent the spared of nosocomial infections from patient to patient from patient to worker and from worker to patient

A

universal precautions

Microbiology (4 decks)

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