Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Microbiology > Microbe Human interactions > Flashcards

Microbe Human interactions Flashcards

(98 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

microbes that engage in mutual or commensal associations with humans belong to the?

A

normal resident microbiota

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

A condition in which pathogenic microbes penetrate hosts defenses, enter tissue, and multiply

A

infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

microbe acting as infection that causes damage or disruption to tissues and organs.

A

pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

an infection that causes damage or disruption to tissues and organs

A

infectious disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

colonization of the body involves a constant.

A

“give and take”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

microbes that occupy the body for only short periods

A

transients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

microbes that become established

A

residents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In many cases, microbiota benefits host by preventing overgrowth of harmful microbes.

A

microbial antagonism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the largest and most accessible organ?

A

skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what cling to the surface but do not grow there; influenced by hygiene.

A

transients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

stable, predictable, less influenced by hygiene, primarily bacteria and yeasts

A

residents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

variations in flora distribution due to shifting conditions in

A

pH, oxygen tension, anatomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the most diverse and unique flora of the body?

A

microbiota of the mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

intestinal environment favors

A

anaerobic bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the sites of the genitourinary tract?

A

females- vagina and outer opening of urethra
male- anterior urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

major factors in development of infection finding a portal of entry.

A

skin
GI tract
respiratory tract
urogenital tract
endogenous biota

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

attaching firmly

A

fimbriae
capsules
surface proteins
viral spikes
hooks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

existing hosts: portals of exit

A

respiratory tract, salivary glands
skin cells
fecal matter
urogenital tract
blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

introducing known microbes back into the body

A

probiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are factors that weaken hosts defenses and increase susceptibility to infection?

A

old age, extreme youth
genetic defects
surgery organ transplants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

capable of causing disease in healthy persons with normal immune defenses

A

true pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

cause disease when the hosts defenses are compromised or when they grow in part of the body that is not natural to them.

A

opportunistic pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

characteristic route a microbe follows to enter the tissues of the body.

A

portals of entry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

originate from source outside the body ex. Flu

A

exogenous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
already exist on or in the body (normal flora)
endogenous
26
characteristic or structure that contributes to the ability of a microbe to cause disease
virulence factor
27
portals of skin
skin gastrointestinal tract respiratory tract urogenital tract transplacental
28
pathogens that infect during pregnancy STORCH
syphilis toxoplasmosis other diseases rubella cytomegalovirus herpes simplex virus
29
minimum number of microbes require for infection to proceed
infectious dose (ID)
30
microbes with a small IDs have a
greater virulence ex. measles
31
what are the 3 phases of an infection
phase 1 becoming established phase 2 attaching to the host phase 3 invading and becoming established
32
microbes gain a stable foothold at the portal of entry; dependent on binding between specific molecules on hosts and pathogens.
adhesion
33
how are microbes attach to the host
fimbrae flagella glycocalyx cilia suckers hooks barbs
34
bacteria produced extracellular enzymes that dissolve barriers and penetrate through or between cells to invade underlining tissues
exoenzymes
35
toxins secreted by bacteria damage target cells which die and begin to slough off
toxins
36
specific chemical product of microbes plants and some animals that has poisonous effects on other organ
toxinoses
37
not secreted but released after the host cell is damaged
endotoxin
38
secreted by a living bacterial cell into the infected tissue
exotoxin
39
four distinct stages of clinical infections
incubation period prodromal stage period of invasion convalescent period
40
time from initial contact with the infection agent to the appearance of first symptoms agent is multiplying but damage is insufficient to cause symptoms serval hours years
incubation period
41
vague feelings of discomfort
prodromal stage
42
multiplies at high levels becomes well-established more specific signs and symptoms.
period of invasion
43
as a person begins to respond the infection symptoms decline
convalescent period
44
what is the pattern of infection?
localized infection systemic infection focal infection mixed infection
45
microbes enter the body and remains confined to a specific tissue
localized infection
46
infection spreads to several sites and tissue fluids usually in the bloodstream
systemic infection
47
when infectious agent breaks loose from a local infection and is carried to other tissues
focal infection
48
several microbes grow simultaneously at the infection site
mixed infection
49
objective evidence of disease as noted by an observer
sign
50
subjective evidence of disease as sensed by the patient
symptom
51
initial infection
primary infection
52
subsequent infection by a different microbe
secondary infection
53
comes on rapidly severe but short-lived effects ex stomach bug
acute infection
54
progress and persists over long period of time ex HIV Herpes
chronic infections
55
what are the earliest signs of a disease
fever pain soreness swelling edema granulomas abscesses lymphadenitis
56
although infected the host doesn't show any signs of disease
asymptomatic
57
what are the signs of infection in the blood
changes in the number of circulating white blood cells
58
increase in white blood cells
leukocytosis
59
decrease in white blood cells
leukopenia
60
microorganisms are multiplying in the blood and present in large numbers
septicemia
61
small numbers of bacteria present in blood not necessarily multiplying
bacteremia
62
small number or viruses present not necessarily multiplying
viremia
63
portals of exit
respiratory and salivary portals epithelial cells fecal exit urogenital tract removal of blood or bleeding
64
after the initial symptoms in certain chronic diseases the microbe can periodically become active and produce a recurrent diseases person may or may not shed it during the latent stage
latency
65
person with a latent infection who sheds the infectious agent
chronic carrier
66
long-term or permanent damage to tissues or organs
sequelae
67
study of the frequency and distribution of the disease and other health-related factors in defined human populations
epidemiology
68
individual who inconspicuously shelters a pathogen and spreads it to others
carrier
69
shows no symptoms
asymptomatic carrier
70
contained healthcare provider transfers them to other patients
passive carrier
71
primary habitat of pathogen in the natural world
reservoir
72
individual or object from which an infection is actually acquired
source
73
spread the infectious agent during the incubation period
incubation carriers
74
recuperating without symptoms
convalescent carriers
75
individual who shelters the infectious agent for a long period
chronic carrier
76
a live animal that transmits an infectious agent from one host to another
vector
77
infection indigenous to animals naturally transmissible to humans
zoonosis
78
when an infected host can transmit the infections agent to another host and established infection in that host
communicable disease
79
infectious diseases does not arise through transmission from host to host
non-communicable
80
physical contact or fine aerosol droplets
direct contact
81
passes from infected host to intermediate conveyor and then to another host ex doorknob cell phone
indirect contact
82
inanimate material, food, water, biological products, fomites
vehicle
83
droplet nuclei, aerosols
airborn
84
total number of existing cases with respect to entire population usually represented by a percentage of the population
prevalence
85
measures the number of new cases over a certain time period as compared with the general healthy population
incidence
86
the total number of deaths in a population due to a certain disease
mortality rate
87
number of people afflicted with a certain disease
morbidity rate
88
disease that exhibits a relatively steady frequency over a long period of time in a particular geographic locale
endemic occurrence
89
when occasional cases are reported at irregular intervals
sporadic occurrence
90
what does epidemiologists consider?
virulence, portals of entry and exit and the course of disease
91
colleting analyzing and reporting data on rates of occurrence mortality morbidity and transmission of infection
surveillance
92
what is the CDC?
centers of disease control and prevention principal government agency responsible for keeping track of infectious diseases nationwide
93
who is the WHO?
world health organization for worldwide tabulation and control
94
when prevalence of a disease is increasing beyond what is expected
epidemic occurrence
95
epidemic across continents
pandemic occurrence
96
what are (HAIs)
nosocomial infections also called healthcare associated infections are diseases that are acquired or developed during a hospital stay.
97
what are nosocomial infections
the most common involve surgical incisions and the respiratory tract, GI tract, skin, urinary tract, and blood sepsis
98
stringent measures to prevent the spared of nosocomial infections from patient to patient from patient to worker and from worker to patient
universal precautions

Microbiology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions