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Microbiology > tools of the laboratory #2 > Flashcards

tools of the laboratory #2 Flashcards

1
Q

metabolism

A

all chemical and physical workings of a cell

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2
Q

two types of chemical reactions

A

catabolism
anabolism

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3
Q

catabolism

A

degradative breaks the bonds of larger molecules forming smaller molecules releases energy

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4
Q

anabolism

A

biosynthesis process that forms larger macromolecules from smaller molecules requires energy

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5
Q

enzymes

A

are biological catalysts that increase the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the energy of activation

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6
Q

simple enzymes

A

consits of protein alone

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7
Q

apoenzyme

A

protein portion

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8
Q

cofactors

A

nonprotein portion

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9
Q

apoenzymes specificity and active site

A

active site or specific substrate

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10
Q

metallic cofactors

A

metal ions

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11
Q

coenzymes

A

organic factors serve as temporary carrier for some substrates vitamins as the most common

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12
Q

exoenzymes

A

transported extracellularly where they break down large food molecules or harmful chemicals

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13
Q

endoenzymes

A

retained intracellularly and function there most enzymes are endoenzymes

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14
Q

constitutive enzymes

A

always present always produced in equal amounts or at rates regardless of the amount of substrate

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15
Q

regulated enzymes

A

not constantly present production is turned on in response to changes in the substrate concentration

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16
Q

hydrolysis reactions

A

catabolic reactions that break down large substates into smaller molecules requires the input of water break bonds.

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17
Q

labile

A

chemically unstable enzymes

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18
Q

denaturation

A

weak bonds that maintain the shape of the apoenzyme are broken

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19
Q

metabolic pathways

A

proceed in a stepwise highly regulated manner to maximize the use of a available nutrients and energy

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20
Q

competitive inhibition

A

substances that resembles the normal substrate competes with the substrate for the active site

21
Q

allosteric inhibition

A

form of competitive inhibition in special types of enzymes with two biding sites

22
Q

allosteric inhibition 2 sites

A

the active site and the regulatory or allosteric site

23
Q

noncompetitive inhibition

A

inhibitor binds to the entire enzyme-substrate complex and prevents the enzyme from complete its action on the substrate

24
Q

enzyme repression

A

automatic suppression of enzyme synthesis when end product builds to excess

25
Q

enzyme induction

A

enzymes are made only when suitable substrates are present

26
Q

energy

A

the capacity to do work or to cause change forms of energy include

27
Q

redox reactions

A

always occurs in pairs

28
Q

metabolic “currency” three part molecule consisting of

A

adenine a nitrogenous base
ribose a 5 carbon sugar
3 phosphate groups

29
Q

bioenergetics

A

study of the mechanisms of cellular energy release

30
Q

glycolysis

A

split glucose = pyruvate

31
Q

Kerbs cycle

A

a few ATPs CO2

32
Q

electron transplant chain

A

ETC series of enzymes using electorns

33
Q

ATP synthesis 3 different mechanisms

A

substrate-level phosphorylation
oxidative phosphorylation
photophosphorylation

34
Q

substrate-level

A

transfer of phosphate group from a phosphorylated compound directly to ADP

35
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

series of redox reactions occurring during respiratory pathway

36
Q

photophosphorylation

A

in photosynthetic organism utilizing the energy of sunlight

37
Q

cellular respiration

A

glucose + oxygen - CO2 + H2O + ATP

38
Q

aerobic respiration

A

pathways involved glycolysis, the Krebs cycle electron transport
Products ATP, CO2, H2O

39
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

glycolysis the Kerbs cycle ETC molecules other than oxygen are final electron acceptor Nitrate or Sulfur no oxygen produced

40
Q

fermentation

A

glycolysis organic compounds are the final electron acceptors lactic acid or ethanol

41
Q

fermentation

A

uses organic compounds as terminal electron acceptors.

42
Q

anaerobic metabolism fermentative

A

pathways involved glycolysis
produtcs ATP, CO2, ethanol, lactic acid

43
Q

respiration

A

pathways involved glycolysis, kerbs cycle, electron transport
products ATP, organic acid, H2S, CH4, N2

44
Q

many pathways of metabolism are bi-directional or

A

amphibolic (goes both ways)

45
Q

photosynthesis

A

the ultimate source of all the chemical energy in cells comes from the sun

46
Q

photosynthesis occurs in 2 stages

A

light-dependent reaction
light- independent reaction

47
Q

light-dependent reaction

A

light energy splits water = O2, ATP made

48
Q

light-independent reaction

A

do not require light to occur Calvin cycle - ATP used to convert CO2 = glucose

Microbiology (4 decks)

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