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BIS 2C > Microbes > Flashcards

Microbes Flashcards

Learn vocabulary and concepts associated with microbes (69 cards)

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1
Q

LUCA

A

Last universal common ancestor

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2
Q

Eocyte Tree

A

Proposed eukaryotes as a branch of archaea

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3
Q

Ether linkage

A

Membrane lipids in archaeal phospholipids

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4
Q

Esther Linkage

A

Membrane lipids in bacterial phospholipids

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5
Q

Binary fission

A

Asexual prokaryote reproduction (vertical transmission) that gives rise to clones

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6
Q

Plasmid

A

Extra chromosomal DNA that is circular

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7
Q

Lateral Gene Transfer

A

Horizontal gene transfer between prokaryotes that can happen from farther distances

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8
Q

Conjugation

A

Plasmid or piece of chromosome transferred via sex pilus

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9
Q

Transformation

A

Outside portion of genome transferred via crossing over or recombination

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10
Q

Transduction

A

Takes host DNA to other cell via phage

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11
Q

Anaerobes

A

Bacteria/archaea that do not tolerate and may be killed by oxygen

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12
Q

Aerotolerants

A

Bacteria/archaea that tolerate but can’t use oxygen

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13
Q

Microaerophiles

A

Bacteria/archaea aerobes that can use oxygen only at reduced levels

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14
Q

Facultative

A

Bacteria/archaea that can live with or without oxygen but prefer oxygen

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15
Q

Aerobes

A

Bacteria/archaea that require oxygen to live

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16
Q

Gram positive

A

A dense cell wall that is more resistant

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17
Q

Gram negative

A

A thin cell wall

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18
Q

Photoautotrophs

A

Light; Co2
Plants

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19
Q

Photoheterotrophs

A

Light; Organic compound

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20
Q

Chemoheterotrophs

A

Chemical; Organic compound
Humans

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21
Q

Chemoautotrophs

A

Chemical; Co2

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22
Q

Extremophyles

A

An organism that can tolerate extreme environments

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23
Q

Great Plate Count Anomaly

A

Many microbes will appear on a plate but only few will culture successfully

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24
Q

Virus

A

Noncellular infectious agents that can only replicate inside living cells of organisms

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25
What are the main components of a virus?
nuclein acid and a protein coat (aka capsid)
26
Virion
Extracellular form of a virus that contains a RNA/DNA genome
27
Capsid
A protein shell that encloses the genetic material
28
Nucleocapsid
Capsid + Nucleic Acid genome
29
Envelope
It allows viruses to go in and out of host cells through the cell membrane (fuse)
30
Eclipse phase
The time when a cell attaches to a host and begins virus production successfully
31
Maturation phase
Transition of a non-infectious to a infectious virion
32
Plaques
A circular clearing in a lawn of bacteria growing on the surface of a nutrient agar gel
33
Lytic
Virus life cycle that involves the destruction of the host and replicates independent of host
34
Lysogenic
Virus life cycle where viral DNA is incorporated into host cell chromosome and replicated with host DNA
35
Mutualism
+/+ : Both organisms benefit
36
Commensalism
+/0 : One organism benefits and the other has no effect
37
Parasitism
+/- : One organism benefits at the other organism's expense
38
Parasite
An organism living in or on another organisms at the expense of that organism
39
Pathogen
A biological agent that causes disease/sickness to host
40
Infectious disease
A disease that is caused by a pathogen which can spread from diseased to healthy host
41
Non-infectious disease
A disease that is caused by environmental factors/genetics and can't be passed
42
Zoonotic disease
A disease transfer from animal to human (Genetic reassortment)
43
How much of the tree of life is microbial?
Almost all! excluding eukaryotes
44
Why was the rRNA selected for reconstructing phylogeny?
rRNA is highly conserved between different species of bacteria and archaea and everybody has it (consistent)
45
Why have microbes been difficult to place on the tree of life historically?
There is no fossil record Microsporidiutum characteristics (no mitochondria)
46
How did Carl Woese arrive at the three domains tree?
He used the data he sequenced from rRNA
47
How is the eocyte tree different from the three domains tree?
It shows eukaryotes branching off from archaea rather than being their own branch
48
What are the major differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Nucleus and Membrane bound organelles
49
What are the differences between bacteria and archaea?
Peptidoglycan presence Esther vs Ether linkage
50
Why do microorganisms develop resistance to antibiotics?
Through mutation and rapid replication and selection
51
How is binary fission different from mitosis?
It is simpler and faster and environmental influence. It is also by means of asexual reproduction
52
How is genetic variation introduced during binary fission?
A plasmid and mutation
53
What are the similarities and differences between LGT and sexual reproduction in eukaryotes?
SIMILARITIES: both create genetic combinations; recombination DIFFERENCES: LGT only part of genome, can occur over large distances, not linked to reproduction, and has multiple possible mechanisms
54
How can genetic variation be introduced in microorganisms?
Mutations and LGT recombination
55
What are the three possible methods for LGT?
Conjugation, Transformation, and Transduction
56
What are some examples of traits introduced by LGT?
Anitbiotic resistance and virulence attributes and metabolic properties
57
What is the impact of LGT on phylogeny reconstruction?
May cause confusion of how traits appear (complicate)
58
How do organisms obtain carbon and energy?
Bacteria and archaea are diverse in how they obtain Eukaryotes are metabollically linked
59
How is LGT important for biotechnology?
Used in research labs to produce medicine EX: insulin
60
How are microbes grouped according to the temperature?
Psychrophiles-Hyperthermophiles (cold-hot)
61
Why is it that so many microbes can't be cultivated?
It is hard to replicate the numerous different and complex environments they need to survive
62
How does the Gram stain work?
It involved the ability of the cell wall to retain violet dye during treatment. It determines the thickness based on peptidoglycan content and lipid content
63
How are plant viruses able to infect a plant?
Either by an open wound or via an insect
64
What is the replication cycle of a virus?
1. Attachment 2. Penetration 3. Replication (DNA and protein synthesis) 4. Self Assembly 5. Exit and re-locate
65
Why are viruses important for ecosystem function?
Carbon and nitrogen systems and marine ecosystems to circulate
66
What are the sources of human diseases?
bacteria, viruses, parasites Host jumps and Zoonotic
67
How do you get inoculated with microorganisms when you are born?
Microbes from mother in numerous ways (breast, milk, vagina, uterus)
68
Why are microbiomes of various body parts so similar between individuals?
They perform specific functional capabilities and have certain purposes within those areas
69
What are benefits of carrying your gut microbiome?
The gut microbiome has several health benefits relating to weight, immune system, and metabolism

BIS 2C (6 decks)

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