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BIS 2C > Metazoa > Flashcards

Metazoa Flashcards

Learn vocabulary and concepts associated with metazoa (135 cards)

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1
Q

Gills

A

External organ that enables most aquatic animals to take dissolved oxygen from the water

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2
Q

Lungs

A

A pair of organs in the body that supplies the body with oxygen

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3
Q

Internal Fertilization

A

Type of reproduction in which the sperm is delivered by insemination within the body of the female

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4
Q

External Fertilization

A

Type of reproduction in which the sperm of the male fertilizes the egg outside the female’s body
Usually requires body of water

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5
Q

Symbiosis

A

Interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association

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6
Q

Coevolution

A

Influence of closely associated species on each other in their evolution
EX: Plants and pollinators

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7
Q

Morphological Stasis

A

A phenomenon that has to do with the absence or little morphological change over a long period of time
EX: Horseshoe crab

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8
Q

Squat vs stalked body forms

A

Squat:
Adv - more protection
Dis - less mobility, less access to food, more crowding
Stalk:
Adv - less space, more accessibility
Dis - more vulnerable, breakage

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9
Q

Mantle

A

The organ that forms the shell and adds to the shell size and strength through secretion

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10
Q

Foot

A

Musculature used to locomotion
MODIF: Specialized foot in Bivalves used in digging, grasping, or creeping; Cephalopod foot is arms/tentacles

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11
Q

Radula

A

The organ for mechanical food processing in mouth
BIVALVES HAVE NO RADULA

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12
Q

Shell

A

Large hard covering that encloses soft body parts
MODIF: Chiton have shell plates; Gastropod have torsion
some mollusca lost shell like sea slug and cephalopod

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13
Q

Torsion

A

A process which the mantle, mantle cavity, and visceral mass are rotated 180 placing the anus above the mouth in Gastropods

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14
Q

Blastula

A

The hollow ball of cells formed from the zygote dividing mitotically

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15
Q

Gastrula

A

Two-layered stage through the movement of cells and folding of layers of the blastula

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16
Q

Ectoderm

A

The outer layers of the gastrula

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17
Q

Endoderm

A

The inner layers of the gastrula

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18
Q

Mesoderm

A

Third tissue layer (triploblastic) which forms in two ways
Source of most organs and systems in body

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19
Q

Blastopore

A

Opening into sac-like cavity (becomes gut) that either becomes mouth or anus

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20
Q

Complete gut

A

One-way gut that has two openings and food moves in same direction
EX: Ctenophora, Bilateria

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21
Q

Incomplete gut

A

Two-way gut that only has one opening (sac-like) that is the mouth
EX: Cnidarians

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22
Q

Acoelomate

A

Animals that have no internal, fluid filled body cavity separating body wall from digestive tract

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23
Q

Pseudocoelomate

A

Animals that have a pseudocoelom which is not completely lined by mesoderm

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24
Q

Coelomate

A

Animals that have a coelom that is completely lined by mesoderm

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25
Radial
Many planes of symmetry EX: Cnidaria
26
Pentaradial
5-part symmetry EX: Echinodermata
27
Bilateral
One plane of symmetry Associated with segmentation and increased sensory and locomotor ability EX: Chordata, Mollusca, Annelida, Nematoda, Arthropoda
28
Asymmetrical
No planes of symmetry EX: Porifera, Ctenophora
29
Spicules
Strucutral component of sponges
30
Trocophore Larvae
A type of marine plantonic larva present in the clade Lophotrochozoa
31
Choanocytes (collar cells)
Special flagellates cells move the water and capture food in sponges
32
Cnidocytes
Specialized stinging cells within the phylum Cnidaria
33
Nematocysts
Specialized cell in the tentacles of jellyfish containing a barbed or venomous coiled thread that can be projected
34
Polyp
Anenome body form of a Cnidarian
35
Medusa
Jelly body form of a Cnidarian *not present in most anthozoa*
36
Ctenidia
The gill of a mollusk consisting typically of a respiratory structure
37
Setae
Brustles on body of annedlida that are for movement
38
Clitellum
A raised band encircling the body of Annelida made up of reproductive segments
39
Segmentation
Division of some animal and plant body plans into repetitive segments
40
Cephalization
The presence of a concentration of nerve and sensory structures at one end of the body
41
Tagmata
Fusion of segments into specialized body regions
42
Chelicerae
A pair of appendages in the mouth of arthropods (Pincers)
43
Ecdysis
Moulting of the cuticle of the exoskeleton
44
Tube feet
Echinoderms use for water vascular system and movement
45
Water vascular system
Echinoderms use for locomotion and feeding (Utilizes the movement of water)
46
Notochord
Embryonic midline structure common to all chordata Provides mechanical purpose Supports dorsal (rigid yet flexible)
47
Pharyngeal slits
Function in respiration and feeding: water comes in mouth leaves through slits *NOT A SYNAPOMORHY OF CHORDATA IN OTHER DEUTEROSTOMES*
48
Dorsal hollow nerve cord
Derives from ectoderm that rolls into the tube during development Develops into central nervous system
49
Post-anal tail
Posterior elongation of the body extending beyond anus Contains skeletal elements and muscles Purpose of propulsion and locomotion
50
Porifera
Asymmetrical and No gut Aquiferous System No tissues or organs Spicules EX: Glass sponge, demosponge, or calcareous sponge
51
Ctenophora
Radial and Complete gut Diploblast development Nerve net and simple musculature Zooplankton and cannibal feeders
52
Cnidaria
Radial symmetry and Incomplete gut Muscle cells, nerve net, and simple sensory structures Alt Medusa and Polyp form Diploblastic with mesoglea between layers Cnidocytes (Nematocytes use hydrostatic pressure) Planula Larva Carnivores (Extracellular and intracellular digestion) EX: Sea anemone, Coral, Jellyfishes, Hydroids
53
Arthropoda
Bilateral symmetry and Complete gut Exoskeleton and Segmentation Protosome/Ecdysozoa/Bilateria EX: Insect, crustaceans
54
Annelida
Bilateral symmetry and Complete gut Paired Setae and segmentation Hydrostatic skeleton Closed circulatory system and cutaneous respiration Head and terminal part pre and post segmentation Protosomes/Lophotrochozoa/Bilateria EX: Earthworm
55
Mollusca
Bilateral symmetry and Complete gut Mantle and Visceral body mass and Foot Radula evolved in this group Reduced coelom Open circulatory system with 3 chamber heart Lophotrochozoa/Protosomes/Bilateria EX: Snails, Clams, Squid
56
Chordata
Bilateral symmetry and Complete gut Post-anal tail, Notochord, Dorsal hollow nerve cord, segmentation Deuterostome/Bilateria EX: Dogs, frogs, fish, bird
57
Echinodermata
Pentaradial symmetry and Complete gut Calcite exoskeleton, water vascular system, and tube feet Diffuse nervous system Deuterstome/Bilateria EX: Sea star, Brittlestar, Sea urchin
58
Suspension-Feeding
Aquatic animals collect suspended particles from the water around them
59
Filter Feeding
Food is separated from water by passage through specialized structures EX: Sponge, Tunicate, Clam
60
Deposit Feeding
Terrestrial and aquatic animals that extract food from sediments or detritus by selectively removing digestible particles from soil or water column EX: Earthworm, sea cucumber
61
Suction Feeding
Aquatic animals bring food into the mouth along with the water surrounding it
62
Intracellular Digestion
Small food items taken into individual cells and digested EX: Sea sponges
63
Extracellular Digestion
Breaking down larger food items requires an internal cavity
64
Deuterostome
Blastopore develops into the anus Mesoderm and coelom form near the outpocket of the gut wall EX: Echinodermata, Chordata
65
Protostome
Blastopore develops into the mouth Mesoderm form near the lip of the blastopore Coelom forms by a split o the mesoderm EX: Mollusca, Annelida, Nematoda, Arthropoda
66
Bilateria Features
Triploblastic Bilateral Anterior/posterior axis Cephalization
67
Cleavage
Early stage of cell division after zygote formation
68
Radial Cleavage
Cell divide parallel to 90 degrees to animal-vegetal acis (LMCA)
69
Spiral Cleavage
Cell divide oblique angle to axis and new cells in furrow (ONLY Lophotrochozoan)
70
Triploblastic Development
Formation of complete gut and body cavity (coelom) 3 germ cell layers
71
Flatworm
Includes free-living flatworm, flukes, and tapeworm FLUKES: multiple hosts and parasite-induced behavior modifications Protostome
72
Nematodes
Medical and agricultural applications Protostome
73
Coelom
Fluid filled body cavity formed in triploblastic via mesoderm Important to hydrostatic skeleton
74
Anthozoa
Sea anemone and corals Lg and diverse group of Cnidarians No medusa stage and solitary/colonial CORALS: sesslile with calcareous exoskeleton Sea anemone symbiosis
75
Hydrozoa
Colonial hydroids form large polymorphic floating coloines where hydra come from Clade of Cnidarians
76
Scyphozoa
Sea jellies ("jellyfish") Extensive mesoglea Clade of Cnidarians
77
Cubozoa
Cube or box jelly Extremely dangerous and toxic stings Have eye-like structures Small clade of Cnidarians
78
Diploblastic
Two germ cell layers present: ectoderm and endoderm EX: Ctenophores and Cnidarians *unless cnidarian which have mesoglea*
79
Choanoflagellates
Small group of unicellular/colonial aquatic protists Collar cells Single flagellum for locomotion and feeding
80
Collar cell
Ovoid in shae with collar of microvilli (tentacles)
81
Features of Metazoa
Multicellular Diplontic Life Cycle Distinctive mate gametes Heterotrophs Food ingested Collagen and proteoglycans in extracellular matrix
82
Gastrulation
Formation of cell layers by invagination of blastula to form gastrula
83
Aquiferous System
Branched water canal and pore (ostia) system that allowed sponges to filter feed
84
Sponge Sexual Reproduction
Monoecious but not self-fertilizing 1. Produces male and female gametes different times 2. Sperm released into water to nearby sponges 3. Embryo retained on parent for period of time then released as swimming larvae to settle and develop
85
Why do sponges experience limited predation?
1. not many predators 2. biochemical warfare 3. produce antimicrobial agents prevent infections 4. spicule structures 5. biotoxins
86
Sponge Symbiosis
Mutualism: Cyanobacteria/algae line in sponge and exchange nutrient Commensalism: Animal inhabit sponge (fat shrimp)
87
Chitons
Polyplacophora clade in Mollusca Dorsoventrally flattened Multiple shell plates and gills
88
Bivalves
Clade in Mollusca Paired shells hinged dorsally Sedentary filter feeders No radula EX: Mussel, clam, scallop, oyster
89
Gastrpod
Clade in Mollusca Univalve coiled shell with torsion Mostly herbivores EX: Snail, limpet, and slugs
90
Nudibranch
Marine Gastropod (Mollusca) No shell and very colorful (toxic) Cerata on back elongated protrusions Feed sea anemone and hydroids Ingest nematocysts and expropriate them for defense mechanism
91
Cephalopod
Clade in Mollusca Only marine Predators Food modifications include tentacle and siphon Locomotion et propulsion Cephalopod eye convergent with vertebrates' eye EX: Squid, nautiluses, octopuses
92
Annelid Reproduction
Polychaetes - diocieous with external fertilization and a trocophore larval stage Others - monoecious with internal fertilization and direct development ASEXUAL: Regeneration from body fragment
93
Polychaeta
Clade of Annelida Well developed head with tentacles and sensory structures Well developed parapodia and setae Diverse feeding habits EX: Sandworm, tube worm, and clam worm
94
Beard Worms
Gutless worms Hydrothermal vents Chemotrophs Live in chitinous tubes
95
Clitellata
Clade of Annelida that includes oligochaetes and leeches Freshwater and terrestrial No parapodia and tentacles Clitellum
96
Oligochaetes
Deposit feeders Cross-fertilizating hermaphrodites Egg and sperm in protective cocoon secreted by clitellum EX: Earthworms
97
Leeches
Predators and blood sucking ectoparasites Lack setae Anterior/posterior suckers
98
Trilobites
Extinct group of marine arthropods Abundant and diverse 250-500 mya Bottom dweller, Scavenger
99
Chelicerata
Clade of Arthropoda 2 body tagmata: cephalothorax and abdomen 4 pair legs Predators and Parasites Appendages: Chelicerae and pedipalps EX: Horseshoe crab and Sea "Spider"
100
Myriapoda
Clade of Arthropoda 2 tagmata: Head and trunk Numerous segments with 1 or 2 pair of leg per segment Centipede: Carniverous w/ fang Millipede: Scavengers EX: Centipede and Millipede
101
Crustacean
3 body tagmata: Abdomen, head, thorax Appendages for sensing, locomotion, and respiration Dorsal carapace Diverse feeding habits EX: Crab, lobster, shrimp
102
Decapoda
Subcategory withing Crustacean including crab, crayfish, lobster, prawn, shrimp, barnacle, krill, sowbug
103
Hexapods
3 tagmata 1 pair of antennae 3 pairs of legs on thorax Respiration by trachea Mandibles (many modifications) Winglessness ancestral trait EX: Beetle, butterfly, dragonfly
104
Hemimetabolous metamorphosis
Incomplete metamorphosis 3 stages: egg -> nymph -> adult
105
Holometabolous metamorphosis
Complete metamorphosis 4 stages: egg -> larvae -> pupa -> adult
106
Social Insects
Eusocial insects in colonies with division of labor Ecologically dominant EX: Ants, bees, termites
107
Echinodermata Reproduction
Mostly dioecious with external fertilization ASEXUAL: Regeneration of body fragment
108
Sea Lilies, Feather stars
Flower shaped body with oral surface up Sea lilies attached to a stalk and Feather stars more mobile
109
Sea Star
Common, largely predatory EX: Crown of thorns starfish coral predator
110
Brittle Star
Incomplete Gut Long slender arms (may be multibranched) Locomotion by arm movement Abundant but secretive
111
Sea Urchin
No arms, but long spines Ossicles (skeletal plate) fit together into a test Omnivores, grazers of algae
112
Sea Cucumber
Soft bodied and slug-like Greatly elongated oral/aboral axis Grazers, suspension feeders Expel part of their gut as anti-predator defense
113
Groups of Chordates
Lancelets, tunicate, vertebrate
114
What are the important features of chordates?
Internal skeleton with vertebrae Jaws 2 pair walking limb
115
Lancelets
Clade of Chordata Small filter-feeding marine animals Chordate features present in adults Segmented body muscles MRCA appearance
116
Tunicates
Clade of Chordata Sea squirts and relatives Bag-like with enlarged perforated pharynx for filter feeding Larvae show chordate characteristics
117
What is the trends of vertebrate evolution?
Increased cephalization Increased agility movement New feeding modes (ex: predation) "Physiological Upgrading" Colonization of a wider variety of environments
118
Jawless fishes
Hagfish and Lamprey
119
Hagfish
Scavengers on dead animal carcass No bone, jaw, vertebrae Tonge with rasping teeth Tie themselves in knot for leverage Slime producers
120
Lamprey
Bloodsucking parasite fish No bone, no jaw Sucker like mouth with rasping teeth Muddwelling filter feeder Marine and freshwater
121
Ostracoderms
Extinct Heavily armored (bony), jawless "fish" Filter feeder Silurian and Devonian period (~400 mya)
122
Placoderm
Extinct Armor-plated predator with jaw and teethlike structure 1st jaw vertebrate Silurian and Devonian period (~400 mya)
123
Chondrichthyans
Cartiliaginous fish Skeleton flexible cartilage (bone lost) Pedators, some scavengers Powerful jaw, good swimmer *EXTINCT MEGALODON* EX: Sharks, rays, skate
124
Ray Finned Fish
Largest clade bony fish Diverse feeding habits Swim Bladder evolved EX: Cichlid fish, coral reef fish
125
How does feeding in fish work?
Efficient unidirectional flow into mouth and out through pharyngeal slit
126
Lobed Finned Fish
Pectoral and pelvic fins modified as robust structures born on a lobe-like stalk EX: Lungfishes and coelacanth
127
Colonization of land
Modified of lobed fins to limbs Use of lungs (modified swim bladder)
128
Amphibians
Require most environments Lose water rapidly through skin Early stages of development require water
129
What are the 3 clades of amphibians?
Caecilians - limbless Frogs and Toads - tailless Salamanders - tailes
130
Amniote
Reptiles and Mammals Impermeable skin Efficient kidneys Amniote egg - resist desiccation
131
What are the clades of reptiles?
Lepidosaurs, turtles, crocodiles, and birds
132
What are the clades of mammals?
Prototherians, eutherians, and marsupials
133
Prototherians
Echiana, duckbilled platypus *egg-laying*
134
Marsupials
Pouched mammals EX: kangaroo
135
Eutherians
"Placental" mammal (well-developed)

BIS 2C (6 decks)

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