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Science > Microbial control > Flashcards

Microbial control Flashcards

1
Q

free of life of every kind

A

Sterile

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2
Q

the process of complete removal or destruction of all forms of microbial life which may be effected by physical or chemical means

A

Sterilization

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3
Q

having the property of inhibiting bacterial growth or multiplication

A

▪ Bacteriostatic

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4
Q

having the property of killing or destroying bacteria

A

Bactericidal

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5
Q

the process of killing or removing microorganisms on inanimate surfaces through the use of chemical agents

A

Disinfection

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6
Q

a chemical substance used to kill infection- producing microorganisms on surfaces but too toxic to be applied directly to tissues

A

Germicide or Disinfectant

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7
Q

characterized by the presence of pathogenic microbes in living tissues

A

Septic

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8
Q

characterized by the absence of
pathogenic microbes

A

Aseptic

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9
Q

a chemical substance which opposes sepsis or putrefaction either by killing microorganisms or by preventing their growth; applied topically to living tissues

A

Antiseptic

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10
Q

that temperature which in a given time destroys all the bacteria present

A

Thermal Death Point

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11
Q
  • minimum time required to kill a suspension of organisms at a given temperature in a specified environment
A

Thermal Death Time

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12
Q

Period of adaptation; little or no multiplication but active metabolically

A

Lag Phase (Phase of Rejuvenescence or
Phase of Physiologic Youth

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13
Q

Organisms grow at maximum rate

A

Logarithmic Phase (Exponential Phase)

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14
Q

Rate of cell reproduction equals the rate of cell death

A

Stationary Phase (Plateau Phase or
Phase of Equilibrium)

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15
Q
  • Total number of viable cells in the population decreases as cells die off at a constant rate
A

Death Phase (Phase of Decline

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16
Q

▪ aka. Clean Technique
▪ involves procedures and practices that reduce the number and transmission of pathogens

A

Medical Asepsis

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17
Q

▪ aka. Sterile Technique
▪ includes practices used to render and keep objects and areas sterile (free from microorganisms)

A

Surgical Asepsis

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18
Q

Easy to obtain and inexpensive; rapid
evaporation limits their contact time

A

Alcohols

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19
Q

Capable of destroying all forms of microbial life. Irritating to the respiratory tract, skin, and eyes

A

Aldehydes
(Formaldehyde)

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20
Q

Relatively low toxicity, destroys a wide range of microbes, adheres to and persists on skin and mucous membranes

A

Biguanides(Chlorhexidine)

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21
Q

Easily penetrates hard- to- reach places and fabrics and does not damage moisturesensitive material. It is toxic, explosive, and potentially carcinogenic

A

Ethylene Oxide Gas

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22
Q

Chlorine solutions are inexpensive and readily available however, organic compounds and other impurities neutralize the activity. Iodine is more expensive than chlorine and does not reliably kill endospores

A

Halogens (Chlorine and Iodine)

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23
Q

Most metal compounds are too toxic to be used medically

A

Metals (Silver

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24
Q

This unstable form of molecular oxygen readily breaks down

A

Ozone

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25
Q

Readily biodegradable and less toxic than traditional alternatives. The effectiveness of hydrogen peroxide as an antiseptic is limited because the enzyme catalase breaks it down. Peracetic acid is more potent germicide than is hydrogen peroxide.

A

Peroxygens (hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid)

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26
Q

Wide range of activity, reasonable cost, remains effective in the presence of detergents and organic contaminants, leaves an active antimicrobial residue

A

Phenolic Compounds (triclosan and hexachlorophene)

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27
Q

Non- toxic enough to be used on food preparation surfaces. Inactivated by anionic soaps and detergents.

A

Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (benzalkonium chloride and cetylpyridium chloride)

28
Q

Most microorganisms are not killed by cold temperatures and freezing but their metabolic activities are slowed, inhibiting their growth

A

Cold

29
Q

▪ freeze- drying
▪ used to preserve foods, antisera, toxins, antitoxins, antibiotics, and pure culture of microorganisms

A

Lyophilization

30
Q

▪ Definition by the CDC in 1996
▪ used for the care of all hospitalized patients, regardless of their diagnosis or presumed infection status

A

Standard Precautions

31
Q

▪ infection control techniques that were recommended following the AIDS outbreak in
1980s
▪ a set of precautions designed to prevent the transmission of HIV, HBV and other
blood- borne pathogens when providing first aid and healthcare

A

Universal Precautions

32
Q

designed for patients known or suspected to be infected with highly transmissible or epidemiologically important pathogens for which additional precautions beyond Standard Precautions are required to interrupt transmission within hospitals

A

Transmission- based
Precautions

33
Q

involves either airborne droplet nuclei or dust particles containing a pathogen

A

Airborne Precautions

34
Q

are small- particle residue (5 um or less in diameter) of evaporated droplets containing microorganisms; they remain suspended in air for long periods

A

*Airborne droplet nuclei

35
Q

▪ Use private room that has:
▪ Monitored negative air pressure,
▪ 6- 12 air changes per hour,

A

Patient Placement

36
Q

▪ Wear an N95 respirator when entering the room of a patient with known or suspected infectious pulmonary tuberculosis

A

Respiratory Protection

37
Q

▪ Limit transport of patient from room to essential purposes only
▪ Use surgical mask on patient during transport

A

Patient Transport

38
Q

produced primarily as a result of coughing, sneezing, and talking, as well as during hospital procedures such as suctioning and bronchoscopy

A

Droplets

39
Q

resistant pneumococcal meningitis or pneumonia Whooping cough

A

Multidrug

40
Q

▪ Private room.
▪ If a private room is not available, the patient may be placed in a room with a
patient having active infection with the same pathogen but with no other
infection (Cohort).

A

Patient Placement

41
Q

Persons working within 3 feet of the patient must wear a mask (or upon entering the room)

A

Mask

42
Q

Limit transport to essential purposes only. Use surgical mask is placed on the
patient during transport.

A

▪ Patient Transport

43
Q

Contact transmission is the most important and frequent mode of transmission of nosocomial infections

A

Contact Precautions

44
Q

▪ transfer of microorganisms by body surface- to- body surface contact

A

Direct- contact transmission

45
Q

▪ transfer of microorganisms via a contaminated intermediate object (FOMITE), such as instruments, needles, and dressings

A

▪ Indirect- contact transmission

46
Q

▪ Gloves are worn when entering the patient’s room. ▪ Change gloves after having contact with infective material that may contain high concentration of microorganisms (fecal material and wound drainage).

A

Gloves

47
Q

Wash hands with antimicrobial agent immediately after glove removal.

A

Wash

48
Q

Wear a gown when entering the patient’s room if you anticipate that your clothing will have substantial contact with the patient, environmental surfaces, or items in the patient’s room or if the patient

A

▪ Gown

49
Q

▪ Dedicate the use of noncritical patient- care equipment to a single patient.
▪ If common equipment is used, clean and disinfect between patients.

A

Patient- Care Equipment

50
Q

▪ placing into isolation patients with tuberculosis or other contagious diseases to protect other people from becoming infected

A

Source Isolation

51
Q

▪ aka. Reverse Isolation or Neutropenic Isolation
▪ placing patients who are vulnerable to infection in a total protective environment (TPE)

A

Protective Isolation

52
Q

▪ includes private room where vented air entering the room is passed through HEPA
filters.
▪ The room is under positive pressure to prevent the hallway air from entering when
the door is opened.
▪ The room must be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected before the patient is
admitted.
▪ All items coming in contact with the patient must be disinfected or sterilized.

A

Total Protective Environment (TPE)

53
Q

widely used to sterile medical instruments

A

Glutaraldehyde

54
Q

used in vaccine preparation

A

Formalin

55
Q

widely used as an antiseptic in soaps and lotions, and more recently, impregnated into catheters and surgical mesh

A

Chlorohexidine

56
Q

Commonly used to sterilize medical devices

A

Ethylene Oxide Gas

57
Q

are inexpensive and readily
available however, organic compounds and
other impurities neutralize the activity

A

Chlorine solutions

58
Q

is more expensive than chlorine and
does not reliably kill endospores

A

Iodine

59
Q

used in topical dressings to prevent infection of burns

A

Silver Sulfadiazine

60
Q

drops can be used to
prevent eye infections caused by N. gonorrheae in
newborns.

A

Silver Nitrate

61
Q

used to sterilize containers for
aseptically packaged juices and milk.

A

Hydrogen Peroxide

62
Q

is widely used to disinfect and sterile medical devices

A

Peracetic acid

63
Q

used in a variety of personal care products, including toothpaste, lotions and deodorant soaps

A

Triclosan

64
Q

is highly effective against Staph.
aureus, but its use is limited because it can cause
neurological damage

A

Hexachlorophene

65
Q

Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

A

benzalkonium chloride and cetyl peridium chloride

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