Microbial Diseases: Cardiovascular Flashcards
(104 cards)
1
Q
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome caused by spread of bacteria.
A
Sepsis
2
Q
Fever, chills, and accelerated breathing and heart rate due to the release and circulation of:
A
cytokines
3
Q
Gram-negative sepsis can lead to:
A
septic shock
4
Q
Low blood pressure can no longer be controlled by addition of fluids.
A
Septic shock
5
Q
These cause gram positive sepsis:
A
- Antibiotic-resistant enterococci
- Group B streptococci
6
Q
Due to uterus infection following childbirth or abortion; can progress to peritonitis or septicemia.
A
Puerperal sepsis
7
Q
Sepsis involving proliferation of pathogens in the blood.
A
Septicemia
8
Q
Inflammation of the endocardium.
A
Endocarditis
9
Q
Develops slowly, characterized by fever, general weakness, and heart murmur.
A
Subacute bacterial endocarditis
10
Q
It causes subacute bacterial endocarditis.
A
Alpha hemolytic streptococci
11
Q
In endocarditis, bacteria attach to surface and multiply, causing damage that promotes the:
A
formation of fibrin-platelet vegetations.
12
Q
Caused by Staphylococcus aureus.
A
Acute bacterial endocarditis
13
Q
Caused by streptococci.
A
Pericarditis
14
Q
Autoimmune complication from Streptococcus pyogenes infection.
A
Rheumatic fever
15
Q
Rheumatic fever follows:
A
step throat
16
Q
Rheumatic fever is first expressed as:
A
a short period of arthritis and fever, often with subcutaneous nodules at joints
17
Q
Inflammation of the heart, a misdirected immune reaction against streptococcal M protein, can also occur.
A
Rheumatic fever
18
Q
Also known as “rabbit fever”, caused by Francisella tularensis.
A
Tularemia
19
Q
Transmitted by animals.
A
Zoonotic
20
Q
Tularemia reproduce in?
A
phagocytes
21
Q
Transmitted by bites and scratches of infected animals, carcass handling, tick bites.
A
Tularemia
22
Q
Tularemia is considered a ______ due to aerosol infection route.
A
bioweapon
23
Q
Most common bacterial zoonosis, caused by Brucella.
A
Brucellosis
24
Q
Brucella is a ________ rod.
A
gram-negative
25
Where does brucella enter?
through minute breaks in mucosa or skin, reproduce in macrophages, and spread via lymphatics to liver, spleen, or bone marrow.
26
Fever of brucellosis:
Undulating fever spikes to 40°C each evening
27
Transmission of brucellosis:
1. Contact with infected animals
2. Ingestion of milk or milk products
28
Caused by Bacillus anthracis.
Anthrax
29
Gram-positive, endospore-forming rod that can survive up to 60 years in soil; ingested by grazing animals through grass; can cause fatal sepsis.
Bacillus anthracis
30
It interferes with phagocytosis:
Edema toxin
31
It kills macrophages.
Lethal toxin
32
Capsule of bacillus anthracis:
Does not stimulate an immune response so bacteria proliferate and release exotoxins.
33
Anthrax is treated with:
1. Ciprofloxacin
2. Doxycycline
34
Most common; endospores enter through minor cut; causes ulcerated area with black scab.
Cutaneous anthrax
35
Ingestion of undercooked contaminated food; nausea, abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea.
Gastrointestinal anthrax
36
Most dangerous; through spore inhalation. Mild fever, coughing, and some chest pain; if not treated, will progress to septic shock.
Pulmonary anthrax
36
Death of soft tissue from loss of blood supply.
Gangrene
37
Also occur as diabetes complication.
Gangrene
38
Release of CO2 and H2 from fermentation into tissue.
Gas gangrene
39
Treatment of gangrene:
1. Surgical removal of necrotic tissue
2. Amputation
3. Penicillin
40
Caused by Bartonella henselae (aerobic, gram-); transmitted most commonly by cat scratches.
Cat-scratch disease
41
Symptoms of Cat-scratch disease:
1. Swelling of lymph nodes
2. Malaise and fever
42
Comes from rat bites; Streptobacillus moniliformis or Spirillum minus.
Rat-bite fever
43
Symptoms of rat-bite fever:
1. Fever
2. Chills
3. Muscle and joint pain
4. Rashes on extremities
44
It is caused by Yersinia pestis (gram- rod), transmitted by rat flea.
Plague
45
Plauge replicates in?
phagocytes
46
Enlargement of lymph nodes in groin and armpit (buboes), fever.
Bubonic plague
47
Plague causing septic shock.
Septicemic plague
48
Plague in the lungs; 100% mortality; spread by airborne droplets.
Pneumonic plague
49
Plague is treated by?
Antibiotics
50
It is caused by Borrelia (spirochete) transmitted by soft ticks that feed on rodents.
Relapsing fever
51
Diseases transmitted by Ixodes ticks:
1. Lyme disease
2. Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis
3. Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA)
52
Transmitted by rickettsias (obligate intracellular parasites), spread by arthropod vectors.
Typhus
53
Carried by human body louse; feces of louse gets rubbed into wound of bitten host. High and prolonged fever, stupor, red rash.
Epedemic typhus
54
Transmitted by wood or dog tick. Rash like measles, but also appears on soles and palms; fever and headache.
Spotted fever/Rocky Mountain spotted fever
55
Treatments for Spotted fever/Rocky Mountain spotted fever:
1. Tetracycline
2. Chloramphenicol
56
Caused by Epstein-Barr virus (human herpesvirus 4). Establishes a lifelong infection in most people that is harmless and rarely causes disease.
Infectious mononucleosis
57
Transmission of Infectious mononucleosis:
1. Transfer of saliva by kissing ("kissing disease")
2. Sharing glasses
58
Reason for the name "Infectious mononucleosis:
proliferation of monocytes with unusual lobed nuclei
59
They are caused by cytomegalovirus (human herpesvirus 5) that can remain latent in WBCs.
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections
60
In newborns; causes congenital abnormalities. In adults, no symptoms or resembles infectious mononucleosis.
Cytomegalic inclusion disease
61
Enlarged cells
Cytomegaly
62
It is caused by the chikungunya virus; mosquito-borne (Aedes aegypti or A. albopictus).
Chikungunya
63
Rarely, can be transmitted from mother-newborn, or infected blood transfusion.
Chikungunya
64
It is caused by dengue virus; same vector as chikungunya.
Dengue
65
Can, rarely, spread from mother-unborn or blood transfusion/needle injury/organ transplant.
Dengue
66
Symptoms of Dengue:
1. Vomiting
2. Rash
3. Nausea
4. Aches and pains (behind eyes/muscle/joint pain)
67
Warnings signs of Dengue hemorrhagic fever:
1. Stomach/belly pain
2. Tenderness
3. Bleeding from the nose/gums
4. Vomiting blood/blood in the stool
68
It is caused by the yellow fever virus, spread by Aedes. Fever with
aches and pains to severe liver disease with bleeding and jaundice.
Yellow fever
69
It is caused by the ebola virus. Host reservoir is most probably a fruit bat. Infection spread by contact with the blood and body fluids, needle reuse.
Ebola hemorrhagic fever
70
It disrupts the blood clotting system.
Ebola virus
71
It is caused by Sin nombre virus. Fatal pulmonary infection that fills lungs with fluid.
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
72
Transmission of Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome:
inhalation of viruses in dried urine and feces from infected rodents.
73
It is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi (flagellated protozoan); also known as American trypanosomiasis.
Chagas' disease
74
Arthropod vector of Chaga's disease:
Kissing bug
75
It bites people near lips; but infects people via its feces that gets rubbed on the wound.
Kissing bug
76
Chaga's disease can lead to:
megacolon and megaesophagus
77
Definitive hosts of toxoplasma gondii:
Cats (sexual reproduction)
77
It is caused by Toxoplasma gondii, a spore forming protozoan.
Toxoplasmosis
78
Intermediate hosts of toxoplasma gondii:
Rodent (asexual reproduction)
79
Alters rodent behavior by making it unafraid; if it's not scared, it will get noticed and eaten by a cat.
Toxoplasma gondii
80
Transmission of toxoplasmosis:
Ingestion via tachyzoites from cat feces or tissue cysts.
81
It is caused by Plasmodium, an apicomplexan, that infect and destroy RBCs.
Malaria
82
Transmission of malaria:
Anopheles mosquito (intermediate host)
83
Coldness then chills and fever and often by vomiting and severe headache, alternating with asymptomatic periods.
Paroxysm
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Most dangerous; "malignant"; paroxysms every 2 days; more RBCs destroyed, and RBCs form surface knobs that cause them to stick to capillary walls, and cause clogging.
Plasmodium falciparum
85
Benign; paroxysms every 3rd day.
Plasmodium malariae
86
Benign; every 2 days; can persist in liver if untreated.
Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale
87
Definitive host of plasmodium:
Humans
88
Merozoites to bloodstream, infect RBCs, become trophozoites, leading to two fates:
1. Schizonts that rupture into merozoites, infect other RBCs
2. Become microgametocytes and macrogametocytes
89
It is caused by Leishmania, flagellated protozoan, transmitted by sand flies.
Leishmaniasis
90
Fever and chills, like malaria; later, enlargement of spleen and liver; if untreated, will be fatal.
Leishmania donovani (Visceral)
91
Causes papule at bite site, which ulcerates, then leaves prominent scar after healing.
Leishmania tropica and Leishmania major (Cutaneous)
92
Affects mucous membranes, can disfigure.
Leishmania braziliensis (Mucocutaneous)
93
Disease caused by Babesia; resembles malaria in some respect; the parasite replicates in RBCs and produce fever, chills, and night sweats.
Babesiosis
94
Babesiosis is spread By?
Ixode ticks
95
It is caused by Schistosoma, a dioecious fluke.
Schistosomiasis
96
They infect blood vessels in the intestine.
Schistosomiasis japonicum and Schistosomiasis mansoni
97
It infects blood vessels of the urinary bladder.
Schistosomiasis haematobium
98
Definitive host of schistosoma:
Humans
99
Intermediate host of schistosima:
Freshwater snails
100
Infective form of the parasite, which penetrates human skin when the human is in contaminated water.
Cercaria
101
Humans shed the eggs of the parasite into water, which hatch into _______, which penetrate snails.
miracidia
102
Snails release cercariae into the:
water
