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Microbiology and Parasitology > Microbial Diseases: Nervous System > Flashcards

Microbial Diseases: Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

Inflammation of the meninges. Initial symptoms are a triad of fever, headache, and a stiff neck.

A

Meningitis

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2
Q

Where do the causative agents of meningitis enter?

A

The CSF through the bloodstream

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3
Q

Diagnosis for meningitis:

A

Sample of CSF obtained by a spinal tap, or lumbar puncture, then Gram-staining.

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4
Q

The bacterium is normally in the throat. Hib-caused meningitis is mostly in children under age 4; can be prevented by vaccine.

A

Haemophilus influenzae

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5
Q

Normally present in the nose and throat of carriers.

A

Neisseria meningitis

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6
Q

Transmission of Neisseria meningitis:

A

By droplet aerosol or direct contact

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7
Q

Most distinguishing feature of Neisseria meningitis:

A

Rash that does not fade when pressed

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8
Q

How many serotypes cause Neisseria meningitis?

A

6 (serotype B has no vaccine)

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9
Q

Inhabitant of the nasopharyngeal region. Has vaccines, but the many serotypes make it difficult to develop vaccines against all of them.

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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10
Q

It is caused by Listeria monocytogenes; can cross placenta and cause spontaneous abortion and stillbirth.

A

Listeriosis

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11
Q

Listeria monocytogenes is widely distributed in?

A

Soil and water

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12
Q

Listeria monocytogenes reproduces in?

A

Phagocytes

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13
Q

Listeria monocytogenes in adults:

A

Asymptomatic

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14
Q

Listeria monocytogenes in newborns, immunosuppressed, pregnant women, and cancer patients:

A

Meningitis

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15
Q

It is caused by Clostridium tetani, a spore-forming, obligate anaerobe found in soil.

A

Tetanus

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16
Q

Potent neurotoxin of clostridium tetani that is released upon death and lysis.

A

Tetanospasmin

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17
Q

Blocks relaxation pathway in muscles, leading to muscle spasms and lockjaw; back muscles can spasm.

A

Tetanospasmin

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18
Q

Vaccines for tetanus:

A
  1. Tetanus toxoid (DTaP)
  2. Booster (dT)
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19
Q

Treatment for tetanus:

A

Tetanus immune globulin (TIG)

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20
Q

A form of food poisoning caused by
Clostridium botulinum.

A

Botulism

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21
Q

Clostridium botulinum produces ________, in anaerobic conditions
that blocks acetylcholine release.

A

botulinum toxin

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22
Q

Symptoms of Botulism:

A
  1. Progressive flaccid paralysis for 1-10 days
  2. Nausea
  3. Double or blurred vision
  4. Difficulty swallowing and general weakness
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23
Q

Types of Botulism:

A
  1. Foodborne
  2. Wound
  3. Infant
  4. Adult intestinal toxemia
  5. Iatrogenic
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24
Q

Comes from toxin-contaminated food. Though uncommon, store
bought foods also can be contaminated.

A

Foodborne botulism

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25
Spores get into a wound and make toxin. Mostly from drug injection, but can occur after traumatic injury.
Wound botulism
26
Spores of the bacteria get into an infant’s intestines, spores grow and produce toxin.
Infant botulism
27
Very rare kind of botulism; spores get into an adult’s intestines, grow, and produce the toxin.
Adult intestinal toxemia
28
Too much botulinum toxin is injected for cosmetic reasons.
Iatrogenic botulism
29
Botulinum Toxin Types:
1. Type A 2. Type B 3. Type E
30
Most virulent; cause death when food is only tasted but not swallowed.
Type A
31
Responsible for most European outbreaks.
Type B
32
Destroyed by boiling, but can be produced at refrigerator temperature.
Type E
33
Botulinum toxin is also known for its medical use, such as:
botox
34
Diagnosis for botulism:
Inoculating mice; if mice die, toxin is present.
35
Treatment for botulism:
Supportive care, antitoxins
36
Prevention for botulism:
Proper canning, nitrites in sausages.
37
Why is it named "botulism"?
Because sausage was the most common food causing the disease.
38
Caused by Mycobacterium leprae, an acid-fast rod. Grows best in cooler body region (peripheral nerves and skin cells).
Leprosy (Hansen's disease)
39
Transmission of Leprosy:
Prolonged contact with an infected person via nasal secretions
40
Diagnosis for Leprosy:
Skin biopsy and skin smear
41
Treatment for leprosy:
1. Dapsone 2. Rifampin 3. Clofazimine
42
Leprosy (Hansen's disease) Types:
1. Tuberculoid 2. Lepromatous
43
Skin regions with loss of sensation and surrounded by border of nodules; occurs in effective immune responses.
Tubercoloid
44
Progressive form; skin cells infected, disfiguring lesions all over body; occurs if cell mediated immune response is least effective.
Lepromatous
45
Lion-faced appearance and deformation of hand; necrosis can occur.
Lepromatous
46
Caused by poliovirus. The great majority of cases are asymptomatic or exhibit only mild symptoms.
Poliomyelitis
47
Paralysis affects fewer than __ of those infected with poliovirus.
1%
48
Transmission of poliomyelitis:
Ingestion of water contaminated with feces that have the virus.
49
Diagnosis for poliomyelitis:
Isolation of virus from feces, throat secretions.
50
From throat to small intestine, the poliovirus travels to the lymph nodes, then to bloodstream, causing:
viremia
51
Always results in fatal encephalitis, caused by the rabies virus.
Rabies
52
Rabies proliferates in the ___ and moves, fatally, to the ___.
PNS, CNS
53
Incubation period of rabies:
Long enough to allow immunity to develop from postexposure vaccination.
54
Symptoms of Rabies in Humans:
1. Preliminary - varied and mild 2. Virus reaches CNS - alternating periods of agitation and calm, muscle spasms, hydrophobia 3. Final stages: - damage to nerve cells of CNS
55
Symptoms of Rabies in Animals:
1. Furious (classical) 2. Paralytic (dumb or numb)
56
Highly excitable, will bite at anything; nervous control progressively lost; death.
Furious (classical)
57
Minimal excitability (common in cats).
Paralytic (dumb or numb)
58
Diagnosis for rabies:
Detection of viral antigen
59
Once symptoms appear, no treatment, in cases where no PEP was done, coma was induced and antiviral drugs given.
Milwaukee protocol
60
Animals affected by rabies:
1. Bats 2. Dogs 3. Cats 4. Foxes 5. Raccoons 6. Skunks 7. Cattle 8. Horses
61
It is caused by arbovirus; affects humans and horses.
Arboviral encephalitis
62
Arthropod-borne viruses that belong to several families.
Arboviruses
63
Prevention of Arboviral encephalitis:
Mosquito control
64
Diagnosis for Arboviral encephalitis:
Serological tests
65
Symptoms of Arboviral encephalitis:
From subclinical to coma and death
66
It is caused by soil fungus associated with pigeon and chicken.
Cryptococcosis/Cryptococcus neoformans meningitis
67
Transmission of Cryptococcosis:
Transmitted through respiratory route, spreads through blood to the CNS
68
Diagnosis for Cryptococcosis:
Serology to detect cryptococcal antigens in serum or CSF
69
Treatment for Cryptococcosis:
Amphotericin B and flutocytosine
70
It is caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense.
African trypanosomiasis/sleeping sickness
71
Capable of antigenic variation to escape the immune system. Occurs throughout western and central Africa.
African trypanosomiasis/sleeping sickness
72
Transmission of African trypanosomiasis/sleeping sickness:
Transmitted by tsetse fly
73
Causes daytime sleepiness and night sleep disturbance.
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
74
Found in recreational freshwater. Causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). Initially infects the nasal mucosa and later penetrates to the brain and proliferates, feeding on brain tissue.
Naegleria fowleri
75
Fatality rate of Naegleria fowleri?
100%
76
Found in recreational freshwater Causes granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE). Chronic, slowly progressive, and fatal in a matter of weeks or months.
Acanthamoeba
77
Has an unknown incubation period, and months may elapse before symptoms appear.
Acanthamoeba
78
These are caused by prions, are neurodegenerative, rapidly progressive, always fatal diseases.
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE)
79
Dementia and early neurologic signs distinguish it from Variant CJD.
Classic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)
80
Disease develops spontaneously.
Sporadic CJD
81
Mutation is inherited
Familial CJD
82
Acquired from medical procedures (cornea or skin transplant, brain surgery)
Iatrogenic CJD
83
Median age of death of Classic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease:
68 years old
84
Obtained from eating beef with mad cow disease (bovine spongiform encephalopathy or BSE). Psychiatric symptoms and delayed neurological signs observed in patients.
Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)
85
Median age of Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD):
28 years old
86
Observed in the Fore people in Papua New Guinea, who used to practice ritual cannibalism. Disease is disappearing as the practice is dying out.
Kuru

Microbiology and Parasitology (6 decks)

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