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Microbiology > Microbial Nutrition and Growth > Flashcards

Microbial Nutrition and Growth Flashcards

1
Q

Essential Nutrients

A

any substance or nutrient the microbe must have

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2
Q

Two categories of Essential Nutrients

A

Macronutrients and Micronutrients

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3
Q

Macronutrients; Carbon, Hydrogen, O2

A

Needed in large quantities and play a huge role in cell structure and metabolism

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4
Q

Micronutrients or Trace Elements; Manganese, zinc, nickel

A

Needed in smaller quantities and play a role in enzyme function and maintaining protein structure

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5
Q

Categorize nutrients basses on the carbon content

A

Organic molecule

Inorganic molecule

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6
Q

Inorganic molecule

A

is an atom or simple molecule that does not have carbon and hydrogen in them

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7
Q

Organic molecule

A

contain carbon and hydrogen in them and are products of living things

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8
Q

Example of Organic molecule `

A

simplest organic molecules to large polymers

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9
Q

Example of Inorganic molecule

A

metals and their salts, gasses, and water

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10
Q

Nutrition for microbes

A

Carbon and energy

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11
Q

Organisms that use carbon source

A

Heterotroph- organic

Autotroph- C02

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12
Q

Organisms that use an energy source

A

phototroph- from the sun

chemotroph- from chemical compounds

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13
Q

Photoautotroph

A

Sun and C02

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14
Q

Photohetrotrophs

A

Sun and an organic compound

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15
Q

Chemoheterotroph definition

A

Metabolic conversion of nutrients and organic compounds

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16
Q

2 types of chemoautotrophs

A

chemoorganic autotrophs

lithoautotrophs

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17
Q

Chemoorganic autotrophs

A

use organic compounds for energy and inorganic compounds for carbon source

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18
Q

Lithoautotrophs

A

do not need the sun or organic nutrients only need inorganic material

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19
Q

Chemoheterotrophic microorganisms

A

Saprobes

parasites

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20
Q

Saprobes

A

feed on organic detritus from dead organisms

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21
Q

Parasites

A

feed from the cells or tissues of live host

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22
Q

Majority of microbes causing human disease

A

chemoheterotroph

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23
Q

Essential nutrients

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphate, sulfur.

CHONPS

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24
Q

Environmental factors that influence microbes

A

temperature, pH, radiation, oxygen, osmotic pressure, hydrostatic pressure

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25
Q

cardinal temperature define and the three ranges

A

range of temperature for the growth of a given microbe.
Minimum temp
Maximum temp
Optimum temp

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26
Q

Minimum temp

A

the lowest temp that allows the growth and metabolism of microbes.
Growth is slow and if the temperature falls below temp everything stops

27
Q

Maximum temp

A

the highest temp that allows growth and metabolism of microbe
if the temp goes higher the growth will stop and if it goes any higher enzymes and nucleic acid denature

28
Q

Optimum temp

A

is temp between minimum and maximum and promotes the faster growth rate and metabolism

29
Q

Psychrophiles

A

optimum temp is below 15 C and can grow at 0 C
cannot grow above 20 C
rare to be a danger to humans

30
Q

Extreme psychrotrophs

A

grow slowly in the cold
optimum growth is 15 to 30 C
causes foodborne illness

31
Q

Mesophiles

A

important in the medical field cause it can harm humans
optimum is 20 to 40 C
Human pathogens optima are 30 to 40 C

32
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

Listeria monocytogenes

A
  1. can grow optimally in body temp but also can survive and multiply in cold temp
  2. will grow in temp as low as 1 C and 30 to 40 C. Grows in ice cream
33
Q

Thermoduric

EX. are heat resistant endospore formers Bacillus and Clostridium

A

type of mesophile that can survive short exposure to high temps
contaminants heated or pasteurized foods

34
Q

Thermophile

A

Optimum temp is greater than 45 C

range 45 to 80 C

35
Q

Extreme Thermophile

A

can withstand sterilization

optimum is 80 to 121 C

36
Q

Aerobes(obligate)

fungi, bacteria, protozoa

A

uses O2 for growth and can process toxic by-products

37
Q

Microaerophiles

A

needs small amounts of O2; regular levels of O2 harm them

38
Q

Facultative anaerobe

A

will grow with or without O2

if O2 is present in high amounts in a certain area microbe will grow more there

39
Q

Anaerobe

A

will not grow in the presence of 02

unable to process toxic by-products of O2

40
Q

Aerotolerant anaerobe

A

do not use 02 but can survive in O2

O2 presence will not enhance growth

41
Q

Canpnophiles

A

grow best in high levels of CO2

42
Q

Acidophiles(obligate)

A

live and grow in an acidic environment

pH 6 or lower

43
Q

Alkaliphiles

A

live and grow in a base environment

44
Q

Optimum pH range for microbes

A

pH 6 to 8

45
Q

Osmophiles

A

live in high solute concentrations

46
Q

Halophiles

A

Type of osmophiles that love high levels of salt

47
Q

Obligate Halophiles

A

Need at least 9 % of salt to grow

9% to 25% is optimum

48
Q

Facultative halophiles

A

very resistant to salt even though they do not reside in high salt areas

49
Q

Barophiles

A

live under pressures that range over 1000x regular pressure

50
Q

Symbiosis

A

2 organisms living together in close partnership

51
Q

Three types of symbiosis

A

Mutualisms
Commensalism
Parasitism

52
Q

Mutualism

A

when both parties benefit and no harm is done

53
Q

Commensalism

A

When the organism benefits but the host is not benefited or harmed

54
Q

Parasitism

A

the organism feeds off the host and the host is harmed and not benefitted

55
Q

Biofilms

A

communities of bacteria or other microbes that are attached to a surface and each other

56
Q

What is a ‘pioneer’ colonizer

A

is the first bacteria/microbe to attach to s surface

57
Q

Quorum sensing

A

interacting with other members of the same species and other species close by to monitor the size of the population

58
Q

Binary Fission

A

how most bacteria grow from one cell to two

59
Q

Steps of binary fission

A
  1. parent cell enlarges 2. chromosomes duplicate and move to different sides 3. cell envelope pulls into the center of the cell 4. cell wall forms a complete spetum
  2. now the cell divides into two daughter cells
60
Q

Generation/doubling time

A

the time needed for a complete fission cycle, from one parent cell to two daughter cells

61
Q

Generation

A

the period between an individuals birth and the time it produces offspring

62
Q

Average generation time

Shortest generation time

A

30-60 min

10-12 min

63
Q

Growth curve

A

a predictable pattern of bacterial population growth in a closed system
used to observe the population growth pattern

64
Q

Stages of the growth curve

A

Lag phase- we do not see microbial growth but cells are metabolically alive
Log/exponential phase- microbe will go through binary fission and microbe is less resistant to anti-microbial agents
Stationary phase- cells begin to die off caused by decreased nutrients, changes in pH
Death phase- more cells are dying than being created

Microbiology (6 decks)

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