microbio Flashcards by MARGERIE CONCHA

give the 3 DNA characteristics of eukaryotes

DNA in nucleus, surrounded by membrane
DNA in several chromosomes
DNA associated with histones and nonhistone proteins

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Algae, fungi, protozoa are examples of

eukaryotes

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First living cells were

prokaryotes

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states that organelles inside eukaryotic cells arose from engulfed prokaryotic cells

Endosymbiotic theory:

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Ancestors of mitochondria were

O2-requiring bacteria

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Ancestors of chloroplasts were

photosynthetic bacteria

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the 5 common External Structures of eukaryotes are

Flagella
Cilia
Glycocalyx
Cell Wall (fungi)
Plasma membrane

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A Polysaccharide composed of fibers, capsule or slime layer

Glycocalyx

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the cell wall of algae is composed of

cellulose, pectin, mannans, SiO2, CaCO3

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the cell wall of most fungi is composed of

chitin (poly NAG)

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the cell wall of yeasts is composed of

glucan and mannan

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the cell wall of protozoa is composed of

pellicle instead of cell wall

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Internal Structures of eukaryotes

Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum / ribosomes
Golgi apparatus
Lysosome
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Cytoskeleton

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most prominent organelle of eucaryotic cell

nucleus

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an internal structure by which the nuclear envelope is composed of two parallel membranes separated by a narrow space & is perforated with pores

nucleus

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an internal structure that contains chromosomes

nucleus

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dark area for rRNA synthesis & ribosome assembly

nucleolus

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originates from the outer membrane of the nuclear envelop & extends in a continuous network through cytoplasm

RER

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First step in secretory pathway.

proteins are synthesized & shunted into the ER for packaging & transport

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closed tubular network without ribosomes, functions in nutrient processing, synthesis & storage of lipids, membrane (lipids) etc.

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

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functions for transport and modification of compounds

Golgi body

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vesicles containing enzymes

Lysosomes

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involved in intracellular digestion of food particles & in protection against invading microbes

Lysosomes

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folds of mitochondria are called

cristae

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consists of an outer membrane & an inner membrane with folds called cristae

Mitochondria

it holds the enzymes & electron carriers of areobic respiration

cristae

TRUE OR FALSE: Chloroplasts are larger than mitochondria

TRUE

primary producers of organic nutrients for other organisms

Chloroplasts

flexible framework of proteins, microfilaments & microtubules form network throughout cytoplasm

cytoskeleton

involved in movement of cytoplasm, ameboid movement, transport, & structural support

cytoskeleton

TRUE OR FALSE: Eukaryotic ribosomes are larger than procaryotic ribosomes

TRUE

ribosomes are composed of

rRNA and proteins

Eukaryotic “Microbes” includes

Fungi Protists Algae Protozoan parasites Helminths (multicellular animals)

Largest living beings

Fungi

____ are long filaments

hyphae

TRUE OR FALSE: Fungi Are Dimorphic

TRUE

Fungi Are Dimorphic because:

it has yeastlike and moldlike growth

fungal reproduction are primarily through ______ formed on special reproductive hyphae

spores

spores are formed through budding or in conidia or sporangiospores

asexual reproduction

spores are formed following fusion of male & female strains & formation of sexual structure

sexual reproduction

____ are free spores not enclosed by a spore-bearing sac.

Conidia (conidiospores)

are formed by successive cleavages within a saclike head called a sporangium, which is attached to a stalk, the sporangiophore.

Sporangiospores

Fungi are heterotrophs (chemoheterotrophs), that feed by ________

absorptive nutrition:

growth temperature of fungi

20o-40oC

give the Importance of Fungi:

- decomposers - mutualistic symbionts with plants: mycorrhizae - parasites/pathogens: cause some diseases in plants and people - economically useful to people (food, medicine, hallucinogens, alcohol/bread production)

enumerate the 5 groups of fungi

Chytridiomycetes Zygomycetes Glomeromycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes

Aquatic with flagellated cells group of fungi

Chytridiomycetes

molds responsible for rotting of foods such as bread, peaches, strawberries, and sweet potatoes.

Zygomycetes

black bread mold is called

Rhizopus

Rhizopus (black bread mold) produce ____

sexually

"Vesicular-arbuscular" mycorrhizae

Glomeromycetes

symbiotic (mutualistic) association between a fungus and the roots of a plant

mycorrhiza

essential for the growth of many plants: help plant to absorb water & mineral nutrients (esp. Phosphorous)

mycorrhizae

All united by having an ascus

Ascomycetes (Ascomycota)

sac containing walled spores (ascospores)

Ascus

Two major groups of Ascomycetes are:

Hemiascomycetes Euascomycetes

a group of ascomycetes with no fruiting structure

Hemiascomycetes

a group of ascomycetes with fruiting structure

Euascomycetes

Infects rye: "Ergotism" or "St. Anthony's Fire",

Ergot [Claviceps purpurea]

Caused hallucinations, miscarriages, madness, convulsions, death in europe on 600 BC

Ergot [Claviceps purpurea]

Medincinal value of ergot:: used to treat migraine headaches.

Ergotamine

Medincinal value of ergot:used to induce labor [causes uterine contractions, prevents hemmorage.]

Ergonovine

1943, _______ Swiss chemical plant, studied ergot alkaloids, all of which have lysergic acid as a base; added diethylamide to make lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD).

Albert Hoffman

penicillium belongs to which group of fungi?

Euascomycetes

yeast belongs to which group of fungi?

ascomycetes

used in production of soy sauce and other flavorings

Aspergillus, Euascomycetes

some species of aspergillus grow on nuts, produce ________

carcinogenic aflatoxins

used in production of sake (Japanese alchoholic beverage; breaks down starches to sugars)

Aspergillus, Euascomycetes

Basidiomycetes (Basidiomycota) include

Mushrooms Shelf fungi Puffballs Jelly fungi

- site of meiosis in basidiomycetes - spores (basidiospores) extruded to outside

Basidium

examples of Basidiocarps: with mostly dikaryotic hyphae

Puffballs mushrooms shelf fungi

Importance of Basidiomycetes

Important decomposers

Edible basidiomycetes

Agaricus bisporus, Shitake

Poisonous basidiomycetes

Amanita spp. Destroying Angel

Can grow in extreme habitats (e.g., endolithic lichens in Antarctica) But, very sensitive to air pollution

lichens

Fungi have keratinase – degrade keratin on skin, nails and hair

Cutaneous mycoses

Special problems in immunocompromised hosts

Systemic mycoses

photosynthetic protists

algae

examples of algae

kelps, seaweeds, euglenids, green algae, diatoms, dinoflagellates, brown algae, & red seaweeds

algae are classified according to:

classified according to types of pigments & cell wall

Dinoflagellate algae that causes red tide

Pfiesteria piscicida

most are unicellular, colonies are rare most have locomotor structures – flagella, cilia, or pseudopods

Protozoa

lack a cell wall & chloroplasts can exist in trophozoite- motile feeding stage or cyst – a dormant resistant stage

protozoa

are all protozoa heterotrophic?

yes

Groups based on locomotion & reproduction (protozoa)

Mastigophora – flagellates Sarcodina – amebas Ciliophora – ciliates Apicomplexa – all parasites motility not well developed; produce unique reproductive structures

causes malaria fever, chills, anemia transmitted by mosquito bite

Plasmodium falciparum

symptoms of malaria include

fever, chills, anemia

infects small intestines has no mitochondria

Giardia lamblia: giardiasis

infects nervous system and heart carried by kissing bugs

Chaga’s Disease

pathogenic bacteria in Chaga’s Disease

Trypanosoma cruzi

characteristics of helminths

Highly specialized to live inside hosts May lack digestive system Reduced nervous system Reduced locomotion or lacking Reproductive system is complex

example of Pathogenic Helminths

Flukes Tapeworms Hook worms Pin Worms

5 evidences of endosymbiotic theory

size two membranes circular DNA mitochondria chloroplasts

rRNA is produced from which part of the cell

nucleolus

lysosomes are created by

expansion of fungi is due to

hyphae

main decomposers of the planet

saprobes

black knot

Dibotryon morbosum

Primary medical threat of algae

neurotoxins

caused by exposure to schistosome-infested water

Cercarial dermatitis

Asian Liver fluke

Trematodes

tapeworms

Cestodes