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NBS BOARD Gems > Microbiology > Flashcards

Flashcards in Microbiology Deck (203)
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1
Q

A grapelike odor with tissue color change to blue-green pus in a burn victim indicates:

A

Pseudomonas

2
Q

The mating process of one gram negative bacteria to another, involving the pilus is called

A

conjugation

3
Q

In 1928 the foundation for modern molecular genetics began by his discovery of transformation in bacteria:

A

Griffith

4
Q

Which of the following hypersensitivity reactions would indicate transfusion rejection

A

Type 2

5
Q

MacKonkey’s agar contains

A

Lactose and neutral dye

6
Q

Which medium is best used to grow a virus:

A

tissue culture

7
Q

Staph Aureus physical characteristics:

A

cluster-like

8
Q

Gram positive bacteria that causes impetigo:

A

staphylococcus

9
Q

Pt with grayish pseudomembrane across the lumen of the throat has:

A

diphtheria (Shick Test)

10
Q

Female with foul smelling vaginal discharge has:

A

trichomonas

11
Q

Necator americanus can be transmitted through:

A

walking on fecal infested sand barefoot.

it is a hookworm – keep your shoes on because it will go through skin

12
Q

Secondary stage of treponema pallidum:

A

generalized rash

13
Q

Sporothrix schenckii is transmitted primarily:

A

transcutaneously

14
Q

Plasmodium vivax vector:

A

mosquito

15
Q

Lyme disease bacteria:

A

borrelia burgdorferia

16
Q

Anal cellophane scotch tape test: used to see if your pt has contracted

A

enterobious bermicularis

17
Q

Most common sexually transmitted dx:

A

chlamydia

18
Q

Funding for research is the primary responsibility of:

A

NIH

19
Q

Which intracellular protozoa causes a 33% of brain damage:

A

Toxoplasma gondii

20
Q

Which immunoglobulin readily crosses the placenta:

A

IgG

21
Q

Which polio vaccine is live and attenuated?

A

Sabin

22
Q

Mothers milk can best be described:

A

natural passive immunity

23
Q

Which colliforms causes pneumonia with a red current jelly sputum:

A

klebsiella

24
Q

Dental carries are primarily caused by:

A

streptococcus mutans

25
Q

Which can be prevented by wearing shoes:

A

Necator americanus

26
Q

Osteomyelitis is caused by gram positive what:

A

staphylococcus Aureus

27
Q

Diarrhea, fatigue and weight loss over three days?

A

Giardia lamblia

28
Q

Tertiary stage of treponema pallidum:

A

Gumma

29
Q

Salmonella is most commonly found in:

A

poultry and eggs

30
Q

The major fungal infection is associated with pigeon roosts:

A

torulosis

31
Q

Orchitis in males and oophoritis in a female is a common sign of:

A

mumps

32
Q

Gram positive bacteria which can cause wool-sorters disease:

A

bacillus anthracis

33
Q

Pt has been bitten by a rabid dog. What type of intracellular inclusion will the pathologist be looking for:

A

negri bodies

34
Q

Cysticercosis is caused by:

A

ingestion of pork tapeworm eggs

35
Q

The MMR vaccine is:

A

Genetically altered

36
Q

Which of the following infections are frequent to the infant population due to a failed antibody response by injection of purified capsular polysaccharide:

A

H. influenza type B, pneumococci, meningiococci

37
Q

Prions

A

Mad Cow Disease (Crutzfiled Jacob

38
Q
Interleukin 1  associate with
2 t cells
gamma globulins b cells 
Interferon cell infected with virus to release chemicals to protect other cells 
Varicella or Herpes Zoster
A

Macrophage

39
Q

Interleukin 2 associate with

A

T cells

40
Q

HPV3 rocky mounted spotted fever

rash originates on which part of the body

A

Wrist and ankles

41
Q

Staph is STOIC

5 Diseases by Staph Aureus

A
Scalded skin syndrome
Toxic Shock
Osteomyelitis
Impetigo (#1 cause)
- infection of child around the mouth
-"honey crusted lesion around the mouth"
Carbuncles
-Many furnucles (infected hair follicles)
"A CARload of furnucles
42
Q

6 Common Diseases by Strep Pyogenes

SERGIS

A
Strep Throat
Erysipelas
-aka Saint Anthony's Fire
-superficial chelitis 
Rheumatic Fever
"Can Sammy Suck Ethy's Polyp's"
 Carditis
 Syndeham Chorea
 Subcutaneous Nodule
 Erythema Marginatum
 Migratory Polyarthritis 

Glomerulonephritis
Impetigo (Strep Pyongenes # 2 Cause)
Scarlet Fever

43
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes aka-hemolytic strep

A

group A Lancefield

44
Q

Which of the following is associated with Rheumatic Fever?

A

Aschoff Bodies

45
Q

A mannitol salt augar is used for ______________.

A

Staphylococcus

46
Q

Deoxyribonuclease in a medium inhibits ___________.

A

Transformation

47
Q

Which of the following are negri bodies seen in?

A

Rabies

48
Q

Which of the following is an advantage of passive immunity?

A

Rapid availability of protection

49
Q

Which of the following release interleukin 2?

A

T-lymphocytes

50
Q

chronic osteomyelitis infection

A

Brodie’s abscess

51
Q

African sleeping sickness
Trypanisoma gambienese
-transmitted by

A

tetsi fly

52
Q

Kala Azar disease

-Leishmaniasis donovani

A

transmitted by sand fly

53
Q

Antigen used in the wheel felix test

A

Proteus Vulgaris

54
Q

Malaria
-Plasmodium
-

A

transmitted by female Anopheles mosquito

55
Q

Yellow fever

- Walter Reed did work on this disease
- transmitted by Ades aegypti \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

mosquito

56
Q

most common hookworm in North America

A

Necator Americanis

57
Q

most common round worm

A

Ascariasis lumbicoides

58
Q

Chagas disease

- Trepanosomi Cruzi
- transmitted by
A

Reduvid bug (aka kissing bug)

59
Q

most common cause of PIV (pelvic inflammatory disease – aka salpingitis

A

Chlamydia trichomatis

60
Q

Rice water stools

A

Cholera

  • Massive dehydration
61
Q

Largest Immunoglobin

A

IgM (dimeric, heaviest, largest and fewest in number)

62
Q

ALL Vaccines are going to be

A

Artificial passive

63
Q

Blue/green pus

A

Pseudomonas

64
Q

Red pus

A

Serratia Mtarcenscens

65
Q

Rat fleas

A

Caused Bubonic plague

66
Q

Yellow pus

A

Staph Aureus

67
Q

Yellow/green

A

Gonorrhea

68
Q

Funding/Research

A

NIH

69
Q

What do neutrophils, macrophages, and monocytes have in common?

A

Phagocytosis

70
Q

Basophils, mast cells, and eosinophils, NKC, complement proteins and tumor cells all release

A

inflammatory mediators

71
Q

Basophils differentiate into mast cells, which release what?
(3 things)

A

Histamine, Heparin and Bradykinin

72
Q

Brucella founf in hymus.

A

unpastuerized milk

73
Q

In our innate immune systems macrophages start as ___________, presenting cells , The APC presents the foreign substance to the _____-cells, which are derived from the Thymus.

A

antigen presenting cells (APC)

T-cells

74
Q

Macrophages secrete ________ that activates t- helper cells and cytotoxic t cells

A

cytokines

75
Q

NK cells can _________________ pathogens

A

inactivate

76
Q

The adaptive immune system has 3 main types. What are they

A

Killer T cells
Helper T cells
Regulatory T cells

77
Q

Killer T cells kill

A

virus infected cells

78
Q

Helper T cells help with
1.
2. Secretes cytokines _________ and Interferon gamma
3. Activates helper and Killer T cells adn kills

A

antigen recognizement (helper) and regulation (supressor)

Interleukin 2

Pathogen or Tumor cell

79
Q

Regulatory t cells heapaplps other t cells keep

A

under control

80
Q

Viruses contain RNA or DNA not

A

Both

81
Q

Viruses must have ahost and is covered by a ____ shell or _______

A

shell or capsis

82
Q

Respiratory viruses

A

Adeno, Echo, Rhino, Influenza

83
Q

Digestive

A

Hepatitis, Mumps, Roatvirus

84
Q

Systemic with lesions

A

Measeles, Rubella, herpes I and II

85
Q

CNS viruses include

A

Polio, Rabies Encephalitis

86
Q

bacteria is gram + (blue) ______or -
Aerobic or _________________
Motile or ___________________
Free living, saprophytic, parasitic or ________

A

gram (red)
Non aerobic
Non motile
Pathogenic

87
Q

Antibody binds to the antigen at the

A

epitope

88
Q

HCP complex presents the ___ for t-cells to see them

Histocompalability Complex Protein has two types

A

Antigen

Class 1 and 2

89
Q

Class 1 informs T-cells whats going on _______ the cell and is located on the surface most cells in the body

A

INSIDE

90
Q

Class 2 is made by _______ and informs t-cells about whats going on Outside the cell.

A

APC’s i.e. macrophages

91
Q

Opsonization prepare to

A

“eat”

92
Q

How do Viruses spread

A

Respiratory

93
Q

The only RNA double stranded virus is called

A

Reoviridae

94
Q

IgA is the secretory antibody found in the mucosa and

breast milk —natural _______ immuity

A

intestines

natural passive immunity

95
Q

IgD helps

A

IgG

96
Q

IgE
________ infections
Alelrgic reactions
____ ‘s in Hodgkin’s Disease (Reed-Sternberg Cells)

A

parasitic infections
allergic rxns
Increases

97
Q

IgG is the first to ____ after secondary exposure.

Crosses the

A

Increase
placenta
“Anamnestic response” without amnesia

98
Q

The serology ts used to tests for Ricketssia diseases is called

A

weil felizx test

99
Q

All Rickettsia disease test positive for WF test, spread by arthopods and

A

Cociella virella

100
Q

IgM
_______responder
Largest and _____ in number

A

First (early) exposure

(2nd) Fewest in number

101
Q

Interleukines are chemicals produced by cells.
IL-1 = lymphocyte _______ factor
made by ________ for brain and _______ tissue

A

IL-1 Lymphocyte Activating Factor, made by macrophages

for brain and nervous tissue

102
Q

IL-2
_____-cell Growth Factor
made by ______ -4 cells

A

T-cell GF

CD-4 (Y-helper cell)

103
Q

IL-3 is made by the big

A

Bone Marrow

104
Q

Cytokines are non_____ proteins released be cells upn contact with a specifc antigen.

A

Antibody proteins

105
Q

Lymphkines is a type of cytokine that _____ lymphocytes make to attract macrophages to the _________
via _____________

A

T-lymphocytes

Site of infection
Interferon

106
Q

GRAM STAINING

1st step Crystal Violet as ______ or methyl blue

A

Primary Stain

107
Q

2nd step

A

Iodine (Fixer aka Mordant)

108
Q

Step 3 to _________ or Wash the slide

A

Decolorize or Wash the Slide

109
Q

Step 4 Counterstain with

A

Saffarin

110
Q

Function of the cell wall is for

A

protection

111
Q

Gram + cell wall is very thick and includes

A

Peptidglycogen

112
Q

A virus capsid is made of

A

protein

113
Q

Which is Catalase positive?

A

ALL Staph organisms

114
Q

__________ is used to differentiate Staph Aureus from Staph Epidermis or any other Staph variant

A

Coagulase Test

115
Q

Acid fast

A

Mycobacterium (Ziel Nelson)

116
Q

Blood Agar summarizes _________________

A

streptococcus by demonstrating different types of hemilysis

117
Q

Alpha = ______ hemolysis (green)

A

partial

  • Strep Pneumonia
  • Strep viridans (SBE-Subactue Bacterial Endocarditis)
118
Q

Beta = ________ hemolysis (clear)

A

COMPLETE, beta is BAD

- Strep Pyogenes (SERGIS)

119
Q

complement system is used to enhance

A

Phagocytosis

120
Q

C5b-C5p is the

A

MAC ATTACK

121
Q

The classical pathway ______ on for activation

A

antibody so its antibody dependent

122
Q
Hyper sensitivity: 
I - 1 
AM - 2 
IT 3
    4
A

I ——- Immediate hypersensitivity - IgE, Mast Cell, basophils, hay fever, FAST,
II —— Antibody mediated - IgG, IgM, cause cell lysis
Cells: NKC and phagocytes
1. Blood group incompatibility
2. PERNICOUS ANEMIA
3. Myastheia gravis
III —— Immune Complex mediated
Circulating Antibody/Antigen comlexes, Vasculitis
Antibody mediated inflammation
SLE, RA, serum sickness, Rheumatic Fever ed
IV—– T-Cell Mediated
1. delay
2. Infections, Dermatitis

123
Q

Chocolate Agar aka heated blood or Thayer MArtin

A

Gonorrhea

124
Q

Gamma hemolysis ____ reaction with a red ring

A

No reaction

Strep. Mutans

125
Q

Number of new cases

A

Incidence

126
Q

grey pseudo membrane

A

Diptheria

127
Q

Most effective type of sterilization

A

high temperature at high pressure

AUTOCLAVING

128
Q

Total # of cases

A

Prevalence

129
Q

when you disinfect?

A

you kill the pathogenic bacteria

i.e. pasteurizing milk

130
Q

Sanitation defined t

A

to make it clean or healthy

131
Q

Endemic

A

small number of cases in specific location

132
Q

Pandemic

A

more than expected number of cases worldwide

133
Q

Aka’s for Type 1 Hypersensitivity

A

Allergic; immediate; anaphyliactic

134
Q

Aka’s for Type 2 Hypersensitivity

A

Cell-Mediated; Cytotoxic

a) complement dependent, where cell killing is mediated by the MAC or phagocytosis;
(b) antibody-mediated cellular cytotoxic; where killing is mediated by direct lysis by NK cells;
(c) antibody-mediated cellular dysfunction; where antibodies interfere with normal biological function.

135
Q

Aka’s for Type 3 Hypersensitivity

A

Immune complex

136
Q

Aka’s for Type 4 Hypersensitivity

And its 2 Associated cell types

A

Delayed-type, cell mediated

Cells: CD4+ T helper cells (subtype 1), CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, monocytes, macrophages

137
Q

Parts of the Worm

Scolex aka ______
Neck has regenerative _________
Segments aka

A

Head
Capabilities
Progloddis

138
Q

HAy fever is casued by proteins from _______ or ________

A

molds or spores

139
Q

Allergic individualsM are classified ______ and make large amounts of IgE

A

Atopic Asthma

140
Q

Myasthenia Gravis has antibodies that bind to the ______ for AcH

A

receptors
attack takes place at the myoneural junction \

Dbl vision
Diplopia

141
Q

IN RA IgM and IgGantibodies activate

A

macrophages

142
Q

Lupus affects 250, 000 people and ___% of women

A

90%

caused by breakdown of B and T cells that make the igG antibodies

Inflammation of lungs
Arthritis 
Kidney Damage 
Hair Loss 
Paralysis 

Red facial rash , MALAR, Red wolf rash, Butterfly rash

143
Q

DiGoerges syndorme _____ is missing

A

Thymus

So no B cells or T cells!!!!!!

144
Q

Salk killed the _______ virus with the help of __________________

A

Polio

Formaldehyde

145
Q

Sabin in LIVE and `

A

Attenuated

146
Q

Infections, Dermatitis, Graft Rejections are example of tpye ___ Sensitivity Rxn

A

Type 4

147
Q

Bacilli are ___ shaped

A

Rod

148
Q

Cocci are ___ shaped

A

Spherical

149
Q

Negro bodies in brain

A

Rabies

150
Q

Reyes Syndrome

A

negative reaction to Aspirin taken for viral infection

151
Q

Pneumocystis carinii

A

Number 1 fungal infection in AIDS patients

152
Q

Toxoplasmosis

A

1 PARASITE INFECTION

153
Q

Viral Hemagglutination Inhibiton Test is used to test for

A

Mononucleousus and influenza

154
Q

CDC

A

Stats

155
Q

NIH

A

Research

156
Q

Dept. of Health

A

Licenses Chiropractors and other health related

157
Q

Spirochetes is ___ shaped

A

Spiral

158
Q

Spirilla is ___ shaped

A

Spring

159
Q

Baaa Baa black sheep, have you any wool?

Yes anthrax Full

A

Bacillus Anthracis

“hooved animal”

160
Q

4 Phases of Bacteria (Life Cycle)

A

Lag - slow gorwth
Log - constant fast growth
Stationary/Plateua - no growth
Death- no growth

161
Q

uncooked pork

A

Trichanella spiralis

162
Q

All Gram (+) bacteria have the suffix “US or UM” with one excpetion

being the gram(-) Haemophilus meningitis

A

BacillUS Anthracis
ClostridiUM BotuliUM
ClostridUM Tetani “rusty nail”
Stapholococcus Aureus “cluster like, grape like”

163
Q

All gram (-) bacteria end with IA or A with the

exception of

Haemophilus meningitis

A

NeisserIA GonorrheA (copious exudate, THAYER MARTIN aka CHOCOLATE AGAR, diplo cocci-coffe bean shaped)

Psuedonomas AeruginosA
ShigellA (no fever)
LegionellA (lives in AC units)
Klebisela (red currat jelly like sputum
Vibrio CholerA (John Snow, comma shaped)
       - Rice Water Stools
164
Q

Chlamydia causes

A

Reiters, PID, ARTHRALGIA, and LYMPHGRANULOMA

165
Q

Best test for Sphyllis is _____

A

FTA

Flourescent Treponomia Antibody

166
Q

Community Aquired MSRA is dx’d _____ only to HIV

Lungs look like ______ cheese

A

2nd to HIV

Swiss Cheese

167
Q

Which WBC cell increases with viral infection

A

Lymphocytes

168
Q

Prions are made up of protein ONLY no ___ or _____

A

DNA or RNA

Creutzfeld-Jakob’s Disease

Note PRIONS have no immune repsonses and liek to HIDE from the body

169
Q

Hep A

A

Oral / fecal (Kids)

170
Q

HEP B

A

Blood

171
Q

German Measles

A

RUBELLA

172
Q

GUANERI bodies

A

small pox

173
Q

Epstein Barr Virus

A

Infectious Mononucleosis
“atypical lymphocyte-down cell”

Dont let mono get you down

174
Q

ELISA is greta for detectng HIV however ______ is confirmatory

A

WESTERN BLOT

175
Q

Ebola Virus form Filovirdae family expresss itself with

fever, sore throat, headache, and bleeding from the ____ and ______ leading to DEATH

A

ears and eyes

176
Q

Papillomavirus (HPV) Papova

A

Condyloma, CERVICA-1L CARCINOMA (HPV 16 and 18)

177
Q

West Nile Vector is

A

mosquito

178
Q

HSV-1 transmited ____ and hides out in

A

orally hides out in V-ganglia

179
Q

HSV-2 transmitted ____ and hides out in

A

genitalia

hides out in Sacral ganglia

180
Q

HISTOPLASMOSIS aka

A

Ohio Valley Fever

181
Q

Double Trip —–>

A

Whip

Trichuris Trichura Whipworm

182
Q

Enterobius Vermicularis aka

A

Pinworm

Scotch tape test

183
Q

If you pick a rose and yoru finger is injured from a thorn, which fungus should you be concerned about

A

SPOROTHRIX SCHENCKII

184
Q

EPA protects

A

air, water, and land

185
Q

Serves the health needs of the underprivileged

A

Public Health Department

186
Q

Coccidioidiomycosis aka

A

San Joaquin Valley Fever

187
Q

Tinea capitis is ringworm of the

A

scalp

188
Q

Tinea barbae is ringworm of the

A

beard

189
Q

Tinea corporis is ringworm of the

A

body

190
Q

Tinea pedis is ringworm of the

A

Foot

191
Q

Tinea Cruris is ringworm of the

A

Groin

192
Q

Tinea Unguium is ringworm of the

A

Nail

193
Q

Taenia Saginata

A

Beef tapeworm

194
Q

Taenia Solium

A

Pork tapeworm

195
Q

Diphyllobothrium Latum

A

Fish Tapeworm

196
Q

Hymenolepsis Nana

A

Dwarf Tapeworm

197
Q

Schistomas are ______ Flukes

A

Blood

198
Q

Paragonimus Westermani is a ______ _______

A

Lung Fluke

199
Q

Nector Americanus Americans is a

A

hookworm

200
Q

Trichinella Spiralis

A

Nematode (Intestinal)

201
Q

Ascaris Lumbricoides

A

….

202
Q

Enterobius Vermicularis

A

Pinworm

203
Q

Respiratory Viruses

A E R I

A

Adeno
Echo
Rhino
Influenza