Microbiology

Question 1

what are the 4 different ecology of bacteria?

Answer 1

• free living
• commensal
• mutualistic
• parasitic

Question 2

what do the following terms mean:

1) sporatic
2) endemic
3) epidemic
4) pandemic

Answer 2

1- tiny bit here and there
2- present all the time
3-large no. appears in population
4. spreads over all places, 2 or more continents

Question 3

name 4 gram +ve organisims within the mouth

Answer 3

• streptococci spp.
• staphylococci spp.
• actinomyces spp.
• lactobacilli

Question 4

what bacteria is the leading cause in tooth decay?

Answer 4

streptococcus mutans

Question 5

what is strepotooccus sanguinis often related to?

Answer 5

Infective endocarditis

Question 6

sometimes prophylaxis was given to heart pts before dental treatment to reduce the risk of infective endocartditis. Is prophylaxis still given to reduce the risk of enfective endocartitis?

Answer 6

No. It is no longer recommended by NICE guidelines

Question 7

what is the 2nd most important group of bacteria involved in dental caries?

Answer 7

lactobacilli

Question 8

what is special about lactobacilli?

Answer 8

lactobacilli is aciduric and acidogenic

Question 9

actinomyces is historically associated with what?

Answer 9

root caries

Question 10

what diseases does actinomyces mediate?

Answer 10

abcesses and dentoalveolar infections

Question 11

what gram +ve bacteria mediates caries and where?

eg. S. mutans=enamel caries

Answer 11

• s.mutans=enamel caries
• lactobacilli=dentinal caries
• actinomyces=root surface caries

Question 12

what are the 4 main groups of gram -ve bacteria in the mouth?

Answer 12

• cocci
• strict anaerobes
• facultative anaerobes
• curved rods

Question 13

where are gram -ve bacteria often found and why?

Answer 13

In the gingival crevice due to anaerobic conditions

Question 14

what colour are prevotella and porphyromonas?

Answer 14

dark/purple pigmented bacteria?

Question 15

what does BspA do in tanerella forsythia?

Answer 15

induces bone reabsorbing pro-inflammmatory cytokines

Question 16

what bacteria are associated with localised aggressive periodontitis?

Answer 16

actinobacilli actinomycetemcomintans

Question 17

what are the principle bacteria involved with NUG?

Answer 17

• Treponema vincentii&denticoli
• fusobacterium nucleatum
• prevotella intermedia
• porphyromonas gingivalis`
• spirochaete complex

Question 18

what is in the acquired salivary pellicle?

Answer 18

mucins, salivary glycoproteins, minerals and immunoglobulins

Question 19

what is the fimbriae (pili)?

Answer 19

hair like projections, allow for bacteria to adhere to enamel

Question 20

what is subgingival plaque influenced by?

Answer 20

influenced by gingival fluid

Question 21

how do viruses enter the host?

Answer 21

• respiratory tract
• GI tract
• urogenitary tract
• blood

Question 22

what is superficial candidosis?

Answer 22

thrush

Question 23

erythematous candidosis

Answer 23

denture wearing or prolonged drug therapy

Question 24

what are antifungal drugs?

Answer 24

antimitotics

Question 25

what is meant by beacteriostatic?

Answer 25

inhibit growth of bacteria

Question 26

what is meant by bacteriocidal?

Answer 26

kill bacteria

Question 27

what does tetracycline inhibit?

Answer 27

protein synthesis

Question 28

where do antibiotics target?

Answer 28

-cell wall, ribosome, DNA replication, DNA gyrases, metabolic pathways, cell membrane function

Question 29

does metronidazole have an effect when taken with alcohol?

Answer 29

YES

Question 30

what are the 4 types of vaccines?

Answer 30

- toxoid - subunit - inactivated - live-attenuated

Question 31

what is meant by herd immunity?

Answer 31

the level of disease resistance of a community or population

Question 32

what bacteria are associated with chronic periodontitis?

Answer 32

- fusobacterium nucleatum - porphyromonas gingivalis - spirochates

Question 33

what bacteria are involved with rapidly progressive periodontitis?

Answer 33

- porphyromonas gingivalis - prevotella intermedia - fusobacterium nucleatum

Question 34

what bacteria are in the red complex?

Answer 34

- porphyromonas gingivalis - tannerella forsythia - treponema denticola

Question 35

what bacteria are in the orange complex?

Answer 35

- fusobacterium nucleatum | - prevotella intermedia

Question 36

what are the two types of natural immunity?

Answer 36

- active | - passive

Question 37

give an example of natural active immunity

Answer 37

-natural recovery from infection

Question 38

give an example of natural passive immunity

Answer 38

-maternal antibodies

Question 39

what are the two different types of artificial immunity?

Answer 39

- active | - passive

Question 40

give an example of artificial active immunity

Answer 40

vaccination

Question 41

give an example of artificial passive immunity

Answer 41

immunisation