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My Classes > microbiology ch 17 > Flashcards

microbiology ch 17 Flashcards

1
Q

This includes defenses that target a specific pathogen and is acquired through infection or vaccination

A

Adaptive immunity

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2
Q

This happens the first time the immune system combats a particular foreign substance

A

Primary response

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3
Q

This happens in later interactions with the same foreign substance and is faster and more effective due to ‘memory’

A

Secondary response

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4
Q

This form of adaptive immunity produces antibodies that combat foreign molecules known as antigens

A

Humoral immunity

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5
Q

These are lymphocytes that are created and mature in red bone marrow

A

B cells

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6
Q

What are the two jobs of B cells?

A

Recognizing antigens and make antibodies

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7
Q

What are the two forms of adaptive immune responses?

A

Humoral immunity and cellular immunity

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8
Q

What are the two forms of adaptive immune responses?

A

Humoral immunity and cellular immunity

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9
Q

What are the two forms of adaptive immune responses?

A

Humoral immunity and cellular immunity

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10
Q

This form of adaptive immunity produces T lymphocytes

A

Cellular immunity

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11
Q

What do T lymphocytes recognize?

A

Antigenic peptides processed by phagocytic cells

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12
Q

Where do T lymphocytes mature?

A

Thymus

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13
Q

These on the T cell surface contact antigens, causing the T cells to secrete cytokines instead of antibodies

A

T cell receptors (TCRs)

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14
Q

This form of adaptive immunity attacks antigens that have already entered cells

A

Cellular immunity

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15
Q

This form of adaptive immunity fights invaders and threats outside of cells

A

Humoral immunity

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16
Q

These are chemical messengers produced in response to a stimulus

A

Cytokines

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17
Q

These are cytokines between leukocytes

A

Interleukins

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18
Q

These cytokines induce migration of leukocytes

A

Chemokines

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19
Q

These cytokines interfere with viral infections of host cells

A

Interferons

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20
Q

These cytokines are involved in the inflammation of autoimmune diseases

A

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a)

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21
Q

These cytokines control stem cells that develop into red and white blood cells

A

Hematopoietic cytokines

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22
Q

Overproduction of cytokines leads to this

A

Cytokine storm

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23
Q

These are substances that cause the production of antibodies

A

Antigens

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24
Q

What 2 things are antigens, usually?

A

Components of invading microbes or foreign substances

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25
Q

What do antibodies interact with on the antigen?

A

Epitopes, or antigenic determinants

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26
Q

These are antigens too small to provoke immune responses and attach to carrier molecules

A

Haptens

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27
Q

Antibodies are globular proteins also known as these

A

Immunoglobulins (Ig)

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28
Q

What is the structure of an antibody?

A

Four protein chains forming a Y shape

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29
Q

How are the two light chains and two heavy chains linked in an antibody?

A

By disulfide links

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30
Q

These regions are at the ends of the arms and bind epitopes

A

Variable regions

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31
Q

This region is the stem of an antibody and is identical for Ig classes

A

Constant region

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32
Q

How many classes of Ig are there?

A

5

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33
Q

What are the five classes of Ig?

A

IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE

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34
Q

This Ig is a monomer and makes up 80% of serum antibodies

A

IgG

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35
Q

Where is IgG found in the body?

A

In the blood, lymph, and intestine

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36
Q

What are the four roles of IgG?

A

Crosses placenta to protect fetus; triggers complement; enhances phagocytosis; neutralizes toxins and viruses

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37
Q

What is the structure of IgM?

A

Pentamer made of five monomers held with a J chain

38
Q

What percentage of serum antibodies are IgM?

A

6%

39
Q

Where is IgM found in the body?

A

Blood vessels

40
Q

What does IgM cause?

A

Clumping of cells and viruses

41
Q

This antibody is the first response to an infection and is short-lived

A

IgM

42
Q

This antibody is a monomer in serum and a dimer in secretions

A

IgA

43
Q

What percentage of serum antibodies does IgA make up?

A

13%

44
Q

Where is IgA found in the body?

A

Mucous membranes, saliva, tears, breast milk

45
Q

This antibody is a monomer and makes up 0.02% of serum antibodies

A

IgD

46
Q

What antibody is IgD structurally similar to?

A

IgG

47
Q

Where is IgD found in the body?

A

Blood, lymph, and on B cells

48
Q

What is the function of IgD?

A

Assisting in the immune response on B cells

49
Q

This antibody is a monomer and makes up 0.002% of serum antibodies

A

IgE

50
Q

Where is IgE found in the body?

A

On mast cells, on basophils, and in blood

51
Q

What two immune responses does IgE participate in?

A

Release of histamines when bound to antigen, and lysis of parasitic worms

52
Q

Inactive B cells contain this that bind to antigen

A

Surface Ig

53
Q

B cells internalize and process this

A

Antigens

54
Q

These contact the displayed antigen fragment and release cytokines that activate B cells

A

T helper cell

55
Q

B cell undergoes this after activation

A

Proliferation (clonal expansion)

56
Q

This forms when antibodies bind to antigens

A

Antigen-antibody complex

57
Q

This is when antibodies cause antigens to clump together

A

Agglutination

58
Q

This is the coating of antibodies or complement proteins

A

Opsonization

59
Q

What does opsonization enhance?

A

Ingestion and lysis by phagocytic cells

60
Q

This resembles opsonization, but the target cell is not engulfed but remains external to the phagocytic cell attacking it

A

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

61
Q

This is when IgG antibodies inactivate microbes by blocking their attachment to host cells

A

Neutralization

62
Q

What two antibodies can trigger activation of the complement system?

A

IgG or IgM

63
Q

Serum proteins produced by this organ enhance the immune system in destroying microbes

A

Liver

64
Q

In cellular immunity response, these combat intracellular pathogens

A

T cells

65
Q

After maturing, T cells migrate from the thymus to these tissues

A

Lymphoid tissues

66
Q

What do T-cells use to attach to antigens?

A

T-cell receptors (TCRs)

67
Q

What are the two types of antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?

A

Dendritic cells and macrophages

68
Q

These APCs engulf and degrade microbes and display them to T-cells

A

Dendritic cells

69
Q

These APCs are activated by cytokines or the ingestion of antigenic material

A

Macrophages

70
Q

These APCs migrate to the lymph tissue and present antigens to T cells

A

Macrophages

71
Q

These APCs are found in the skin, genital tract, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus and blood

A

Dendritic cells

72
Q

What are the two classes (clusters of differentiation) of T cells?

A

CD4+ and CD8+

73
Q

These are T helper cells involved in cytokine signaling with B cells and interact directly with antigens

A

CD4+

74
Q

These are cytoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) that recognize and and kill self-cells altered by infection

A

CD8+

75
Q

These adaptive immune system cells kill virus-infected and tumor cells and attack parasites

A

Natural killer (NK) cells

76
Q

Are NK cells always stimulated by an antigen?

A

No

77
Q

How do NK cells kill target cells?

A

By forming pores in the target cell, leading to lysis or apoptosis

78
Q

This adaptive immune system process attacks protozoans and helminths that are too large to be phagocytized

A

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

79
Q

What is the first step in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity?

A

Protozoan/helminth is coated with antibodies

80
Q

What is the second step in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity?

A

Immune system cells attach to the Fc regions of antibodies

81
Q

What is the third step in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity?

A

Target cell is lysed by chemicals secreted by the immune system cell

82
Q

What is class switching?

A

Initial IgM response shifts to IgG, IgE, or IgA

83
Q

This immune response is more rapid, lasts many days, and is greater in magnitude

A

Secondary (memory) response

84
Q

These are produced in response to the initial exposure and are activated by the secondary exposure

A

Memory cells

85
Q

This is the relative amount of antibodies in the serum

A

Antibody titer

86
Q

What does antibody titer reflect?

A

Intensity of the humoral response

87
Q

What are the four types of adaptive immunity?

A

Naturally acquired active immunity; Naturally acquired passive immunity; Artificially acquired active immunity; Artificially acquired passive immunity

88
Q

This type of adaptive immunity results from the injection of antibodies

A

Artificially acquired passive immunity

89
Q

This type of adaptive immunity results from injection of vaccination/immunization

A

Artificially acquire active immunity

90
Q

This type of adaptive immunity results from infection

A

Naturally acquired active immunity

91
Q

This type of adaptive immunity is transplacental or via colostrum

A

Naturally acquired passive immunity

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