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My Classes > microbiology ch 2 > Flashcards

microbiology ch 2 Flashcards

1
Q

These reactions absorb energy

A

Endergonic

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2
Q

These reactions release energy

A

Exergonic

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3
Q

Do exergonic reactions release energy?

A

Yes

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4
Q

Do endergonic reactions release energy?

A

No

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5
Q

Do endergonic reactions absorb energy?

A

Yes

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6
Q

Do exergonic reactions absorb energy?

A

No

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7
Q

What do endergonic reactions do with energy?

A

Absorb

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8
Q

What do exergonic reactions do with energy?

A

Release energy

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9
Q

What are synthesis reactions?

A

When atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form new, larger molecules

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10
Q

What is another term for synthesis reactions?

A

Anabolism

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11
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Combination of atoms/ions/molecules into new, larger molecules

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12
Q

What is another term for anabolism?

A

Synthesis reactions

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13
Q

What are decomposition reactions?

A

Splitting of molecule into smaller molecules/ions/atoms

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14
Q

What is decomposition also known as?

A

Catabolism

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15
Q

What is another term for catabolism?

A

Decomposition reactions

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16
Q

Does catabolism build larger molecules from smaller parts?

A

No

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17
Q

Does anabolism build larger molecules from smaller parts?

A

Yes

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18
Q

What is the splitting of larger molecules into smaller molecules, ions, or atoms?

A

Decomposition reactions/Catabolism

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19
Q

Does anabolism break down larger molecules?

A

No

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20
Q

Does catabolism break down larger molecules?

A

Yes

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21
Q

What is an exchange reaction?

A

Part synthesis reaction and part decomposition reaction

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22
Q

What are part synthesis and part decomposition reactions?

A

Exchange reactions

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23
Q

What are characteristics of inorganic compounds?

A

Lack carbon; small; strucuturally simple

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24
Q

What are smaller compounds that lack carbon and are structurally simple?

A

Inorganic compounds

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25
Q

Do inorganic compounds typically contain carbon?

A

No

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26
Q

Are inorganic compounds typically small and simple?

A

Yes

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27
Q

What are substances that dissociate into one or more hydrogen ions and one or more negative ions?

A

Acids

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28
Q

What are substances that dissociate into one or more hydroxide ions and one or more positive ions?

A

Bases

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29
Q

What are substances that dissociate into cations and anions, neither of which is H+ or OH-

A

Salts

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30
Q

Do salts dissociate into one or more hydrogen ions and one or more negative ions?

A

No

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31
Q

Do acids dissociate into one or more hydrogen ions and one or more negative ions?

A

Yes

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32
Q

Do bases dissociate into cations and anions?

A

No

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33
Q

Do bases dissociate into one or more hydrogen ions and one or more negative ions?

A

No

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34
Q

Do bases dissociate into one or more hydroxide ions and one or more positive ions?

A

Yes

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35
Q

Do salts dissociate into cations and anions (neither of which is H+ or OH-)?

A

Yes

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36
Q

Do salts dissociate into one or more hydroxide ions and one or more positive ions?

A

No

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37
Q

Do acids dissociate into cations and anions?

A

No

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38
Q

Do acids dissociate into one or more hydroxide ions and one or more positive ions?

A

No

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39
Q

What are characteristics of organic compounds?

A

Always contain carbon and hydrogen; are typically structurally complex

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40
Q

Are organic compounds typically more structurally complex than inorganic compounds?

A

Yes

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41
Q

Can organic compounds ever lack carbon/hydrogen?

A

No

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42
Q

What are macromolecules?

A

Polymers consisting of many small repeating molecules called monomers

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43
Q

What are monomers?

A

Small molecules that can repeat to form polymers

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44
Q

Are monosaccharides polymers?

A

No

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45
Q

Are amino acids polymers?

A

No

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46
Q

Are lipids polymers?

A

Yes

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47
Q

Are polypeptides polymers?

A

Yes

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48
Q

Are nucleic acids polymers?

A

Yes

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49
Q

Are fatty acids monomers?

A

Yes

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50
Q

Are nucleotides polymers?

A

No

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51
Q

Are lipids monomers?

A

No

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52
Q

Are polysaccharides protein polymers?

A

No

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53
Q

Are lipids carbohydrate monomers?

A

No

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54
Q

Are nucleotides nucleic acid monomers?

A

Yes

55
Q

Are amino acids protein polymers?

A

No

56
Q

Are monosaccharides carbohydrate monomers?

A

Yes

57
Q

Are nucleic acids monomers?

A

No

58
Q

Are polysaccharides lipid polymers?

A

No

59
Q

Are polypeptides made up of nucleotides?

A

No

60
Q

Are fatty acids made up of lipids?

A

No

61
Q

Are polypeptides made up of amino acids?

A

Yes

62
Q

Are nucleic acids made up of nucleotides?

A

Yes

63
Q

Are lipids made up of fatty acids?

A

Yes

64
Q

Are polysaccharides made up of lipids?

A

No

65
Q

Are amino acids made up of nucleotides?

A

No

66
Q

Are nucleotides made up of nucleic acids?

A

No

67
Q

Are polysaccharides made up of monosaccharides?

A

Yes

68
Q

What consist of C, H, and O, and have the formula CH20n?

A

Carbohydrates

69
Q

What serve as cell structures and energy sources?

A

Carbohydrates

70
Q

What are glycosidic bonds?

A

Form structure of carbohydrates

71
Q

What are simple sugars with three to seven carbon atoms?

A

Monosaccharides

72
Q

What are formed when two monosaccharides join in a dehydration synthesis?

A

Disaccharides

73
Q

What consist of tens or hundreds of monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis?

A

Polysaccharides

74
Q

What are characteristics of carbohydrates?

A

Consist of C, H, and O; have formula CH2On

75
Q

What is the function of carbohydrates?

A

Cell structure and cell energy

76
Q

What makes up the structure of carbohydrates?

A

Glycosidic bonds

77
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

Simple sugars with 3 to 7 carbons

78
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

Two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis

79
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Tens to hundreds of monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis

80
Q

How are monosaccharides joined together?

A

Dehydration synthesis

81
Q

What are made of C, H, O, N and sometimes S?

A

Proteins

82
Q

What are essential to cell structure and function?

A

Proteins

83
Q

What are made up of peptide bonds?

A

Proteins

84
Q

How many groups of amino acids are there?

A

3

85
Q

Proteins are typically made of what elements?

A

C, H, O, N, and sometimes S

86
Q

What functions to proteins serve?

A

Cell structure and function

87
Q

What forms the structure of proteins?

A

Peptide bonds

88
Q

What is made up of three main groups?

A

Amino acids

89
Q

How many levels of protein structure exist?

A

4

90
Q

What is the primary structure of a protein?

A

Polypeptide chain

91
Q

What is the secondary structure of a protein?

A

When amino acid chain folds and coils into helix/pleated sheet

92
Q

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

A

When helix/sheet folds irregularly, forming disulfide bridges, hydrogen bonds, and ionic bonds between amino acids in the chain

93
Q

What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

A

Two or more polypeptides

94
Q

What are the four levels of protein structure?

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

95
Q

This protein structure level consists of a polypeptide chain

A

Primary structure

96
Q

This protein structure level occurs when amino acid chain folds and coils into a helix or pleated sheet

A

Secondary structure

97
Q

This protein structure occurs when the helix or sheet folds irregularly to form disulfide bonds, hydrogen bonds, and ionic bonds between amino acids in chain

A

Tertiary structure

98
Q

This protein structure is made up of two or more polypeptides

A

Quaternary structure

99
Q

What elements make up lipids?

A

C, H, and O

100
Q

What are two common characteristics of lipids?

A

Nonpolar and insoluble in water

101
Q

What is the function of lipids?

A

Primary component of cell membranes

102
Q

What is the structure of lipids?

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

103
Q

Is glycerol a monomer of lipids?

A

Yes

104
Q

What consists of C, H, and O in a chain?

A

Lipids

105
Q

What are nonpolar and insoluble in water?

A

Lipids

106
Q

What are the primary components of cell membranes?

A

Lipids

107
Q

What are made up of glycerol and fatty acids?

A

Lipids

108
Q

What is a saturated fat?

A

No double bonds in fatty acids

109
Q

What is an unsaturated fat?

A

One or more double bonds in the fatty acids

110
Q

What have no double bonds in the fatty acids?

A

Saturated fats

111
Q

What have one or more double bonds in the fatty acids?

A

Unsaturated fats

112
Q

What do nucleic acids consist of?

A

Nucleotides

113
Q

What is the function of nucleic acids?

A

Store genetic information

114
Q

What forms the structure of nucleic acids?

A

Phosphodiester bonds

115
Q

What three components make up a nucleotide?

A

Five carbon (pentose) sugar; phosphate group; nitrogen-containing (purine or pyrimidine) base

116
Q

What consists of nucleotides?

A

Nucleic acids

117
Q

What function as genetic information storage?

A

Nucleic acids

118
Q

What are made up of phosphodiester bonds?

A

Nucleic acids

119
Q

What are made up of a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base?

A

Nucleotides

120
Q

What are the two main types of nucleic acid?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

121
Q

Does DNA contain ribose?

A

No

122
Q

Does DNA contain deoxyribose?

A

Yes

123
Q

Which type of nucleic acid contains Uracil?

A

RNA

124
Q

Which type of nucleic acid contains Thymine?

A

DNA

125
Q

What does Cytosine bond with?

A

Guanine

126
Q

What does Adenine bond with?

A

Either Thymine (DNA) or Uracil (RNA)

127
Q

What shape is DNA?

A

Double helix

128
Q

What shape is RNA?

A

Single-stranded

129
Q

Does RNA form a double helix?

A

No

130
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

131
Q

What is ATP made of?

A

Ribose, adenine, and 3 phosphate groups

132
Q

What does ATP do?

A

Stores chemical energy released by some chemical reactions

133
Q

What is made up of ribose, adenine, and 3 phosphate groups?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

134
Q

What stores the chemical energy that is released by some chemical reactions?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

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