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microbiology ch 20 Flashcards

1
Q

What is selective toxicity?

A

Selectively finding and destroying pathogens without damaging the host

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2
Q

This is the use of chemicals to treat a disease

A

Chemotherapy

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3
Q

This is a substance produced by a microbe that, in small amounts, inhibits another microbe

A

Antibiotic

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4
Q

These are synthetic substances that interfere with the growth of microbes

A

Antimicrobial drugs

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5
Q

These are drugs that affect a narrow range of microbial types

A

Narrow spectrum antibiotics

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6
Q

These are drugs that affect a broad range of gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria

A

Broad spectrum antibiotics

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7
Q

This is an overgrowth of normal microbiota that is resistant to antibiotics

A

Superinfection

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8
Q

This type of antimicrobial drug kills microbes directly

A

Bactericidal

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9
Q

This type of antimicrobial drug prevents microbes from growing

A

Bacteriostatic

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10
Q

What are the five possible actions of antimicrobial drugs?

A
  1. Inhibiting cell wall synthesis; 2. Inhibiting protein synthesis; 3. Injuring the plasma membrane; 4. Inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis; 5. Inhibiting the synthesis of essential metabolites
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11
Q

Penicillins prevent the synthesis of this in the cell wall

A

Peptidoglycan

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12
Q

Antimicrobial drugs can inhibit protein synthesis by targeting these in bacteria

A

70S ribosomes

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13
Q

Chloramphenicol, erythromycin, streptomycin, and tetracyclines all kill microbes by doing this

A

Inhibiting protein synthesis

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14
Q

Polypeptide antibiotics change this feature of the membrane

A

Permeability

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15
Q

Antifungal drugs combine with these in the membrane

A

Sterols

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16
Q

Ionophore antibiotics allow uncontrolled movement of these

A

Cations

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17
Q

Antimetabolites compete with these for an enzyme

A

Normal substrates

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18
Q

This antimicrobial drug contains a beta-lactam ring, and types are differentiated by the chemical side chains attached to the ring

A

Penicillin

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19
Q

Penicillin prevents the cross-linking of these, interfering with cell wall construction

A

Peptidoglycans

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20
Q

Chloramphenicol inhibits the formation of these

A

Peptide bonds

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21
Q

This broad-spectrum antimicrobial is synthesized chemically and binds to the 50S subunit of the 70S ribosome

A

Chloramphenicol

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22
Q

This broad-spectrum antimicrobial is synthesized chemically and binds to the 50S subunit of the 70S ribosome

A

Chloramphenicol

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23
Q

These antimicrobials are produced by Streptomyces spp. and can penetrate tissues

A

Tetracyclines

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24
Q

Tetracyclines interfere with this attaching to the ribosome

A

tRNA

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25
Q

Are tetracyclines broad spectrum?

A

Yes

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26
Q

What two groups of diseases are tetracyclines valuable against?

A

Rickettsias and chlamydias

27
Q

What are two negative affects of chloramphenicol on the human body?

A

Suppression of bone marrow and effects on blood cell formation

28
Q

What is a negative affect of tetracyclines on the human body?

A

Suppression of normal intestinal microbiota

29
Q

This antimicrobial is produced by streptomycetes, attacks the bacterial cell membrane, and is used for skin infections

A

Daptomycin

30
Q

This topical bacteriocidal is effective against gram-negatives and is combined with bacitracin and neomycin in nonprescription ointments

A

Polymixin B

31
Q

This polymixin is effective against gram-negatives and is also called colistin

A

Polymixin E

32
Q

This antimicrobial inhibits mRNA synthesis, penetrates tissues, and has antitubercular activity

A

Rifamycin

33
Q

This synthetic antimicrobial inhibits DNA gyrase

A

Nalidixic acid

34
Q

These two broad-spectrum antimicrobials are relatively nontoxic

A

Norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin

35
Q

This group of antimicrobials inhibit the folic acid synthesis needed for nucleic acid and protein synthesis

A

Sulfonamides

36
Q

Sulfonamides competitively bind to the enzyme for the production of this, a folic acid precursor

A

PABA

37
Q

A combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (TMP - SMZ) is an example of this

A

Drug synergism

38
Q

This antifungal is produced by penicillium, inhibits microtubule formation, and is active against superficial dermatophytes

A

Griseofulvin

39
Q

This antifungal drug is used for athlete’s foot

A

Tolnaftate

40
Q

These drugs block the receptors on the host cell that bind to a virus or block fusion of the virus to the cell

A

Entry and fusion inhibitors

41
Q

These drugs prevent viral uncoating, inhibit viral DNA integration into host genome, inhibit RNA/DNA synthesis

A

Uncoating, genome integration, and nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors

42
Q

These antiviral drugs treat HIV/AIDS

A

Antiretrovirals

43
Q

These assembly/exit inhibitors block the cleavage of protein precursors

A

Protease inhibitors

44
Q

These assembly/exit inhibitors inhibit neuraminidase, an enzyme required for some viruses to bud from host cell

A

Exit inhibitors

45
Q

These are produced by viral-infected cells to inhibit further spread of the infection

A

Interferons

46
Q

This promotes interferon production

A

Imiquimod

47
Q

These two antiprotozoan drugs are used to treat malaria

A

Quinine and chloroquine

48
Q

This drug kills plasmodium that causes malaria

A

Artemisinin

49
Q

This antiprotozoan drug also interferes with anaerobic bacteria, and treats trichomonas, giardiasis, and amebic dysentery

A

Metronidazole

50
Q

This antiprotozoan drug inhibits cytochrome oxidase in mitochondria and treats amebic encephalitis and leishmaniasis

A

Miltefosine

51
Q

This antihelminthic drug prevents ATP production and treats tapeworms

A

Niclosamide

52
Q

This antihelminthic drug alters membrane permeability and treats tapeworms and flukes

A

Praziquantel

53
Q

These two antihelminthic drugs interfere with nutrient absorption and treat intestinal helminths

A

Mebendazole and albendazole

54
Q

This antihelminthic drug causes paralysis of helminths and treats roundworms and mites

A

Ivermectin

55
Q

This tests the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents using paper disks and zones of inhibition

A

Disk-diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer test)

56
Q

This broad-spectrum antimicrobial is synthesized chemically and binds to the 50S subunit of the 70S ribosome

A

Chloramphenicol

57
Q

What are two negative affects of chloramphenicol on the human body?

A

Suppression of bone marrow and effects on blood cell formation

57
Q

This test determines the minimal inhibitory concentration

A

E test

58
Q

What is the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)?

A

Lowest antibiotic concentration preventing bacterial growth

59
Q

What is the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)?

A

Lowest antibiotic concentration preventing bacterial growth

60
Q

What is the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)?

A

Lowest antibiotic concentration preventing bacterial growth

61
Q

What happens in drug synergism?

A

The effect of two drugs together is greater than the effect of either alone

62
Q

What happens in drug antagonism?

A

The effect of two drugs together is less than the effect of either alone

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