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EOSC - Spring 2024 > Microbiology Unit 4 > Flashcards

Microbiology Unit 4 Flashcards

(104 cards)

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1
Q

Capnophile

A

Grows best with high CO2 levels (3-10%)

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2
Q

Endotoxin

A

A toxin that is released upon death of the cell but not normally during its lifetime

Endotoxins cause illness but are rarely fatal

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3
Q

Exotoxin

A

A toxin released by a cell

Fatal to other organisms but not its creator

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4
Q

What are the two major gram-positive Cocci?

A

Staphylococci
Streptococci

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5
Q

What are 5 characteristics of staphylococcus bacteria?

Location in body, Formation, gram, spores/flagella, capsules

A
  • Found in skin and mucous membranes
  • Cocci arranged in irregular clusters or short chains/pairs
  • Gram-positive
  • No endospores or flagella
  • May have capsules
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6
Q

5 most prominent Staphylococcus bacteria?

A

S. aureus
S. edpidermidis
S. capitis
S. hominis
S. saprophyticus

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7
Q

5 Characteristics of S. Aureus

Colonies, ideal temp, oxygen, resistances, virulence, special enzyme

A
  • Large, round, opaque colonies
  • Mesophile (37 degrees C)
  • Facultative anaerobe
  • Resistant to salt, pH, and high temperatures
  • Many virulence factors
  • Positive for coagulase
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8
Q

What percentage of healthy adults carry S. aureus?

A

20-60%

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9
Q

Fomite

A

A nonliving surface

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10
Q

What bacteria species commonly has methicillin resistance?
(MRSA)

A

S. aureus

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11
Q

Folliculitis

A

Superficial inflammation of hair follicle

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12
Q

Furuncle

A

Boil; Abscess or pustule from inflammation of hair follicle or sebaceous gland

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13
Q

Carbuncle

A

Larger and deeper lesion created by aggregation and interconnection of furnucles

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14
Q

Impetigo

A

Bubble-like swelling that can break and peel away

Most common in newborns

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15
Q

What is the order of progress for a cutaneous staph infection?

A
  • Folliculitis
  • Furuncle
  • Carbuncle
  • Impetigo
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16
Q

What are 2 systemic infections caused by staphylococccas?

A

Osteomyelitis
Bacteremia

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17
Q

What are 3 toxigenic Staph diseases?

A
  • Food poisoning
  • Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome
  • Toxic Shock Syndrome
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18
Q

Location of S. epidermidis

Diseases caused by S. epidemidis

A

Skin and mucous membranes

Endocarditis, bacteremia, UTI

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19
Q

Location of S. Hominis

A

Apocrine sweat glands (groin, armpits, etc)

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20
Q

Location of S. capitis

A

Scalp, face, external ear

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21
Q

Location of S. saprophyticus

Disease caused by S. saprophyticus

A

Skin, intestine, vagina

UTI

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22
Q

Catalase Text

A

A test to determine whether a bacterium creates coagulase

A coagulase-positive sample will produce bubbles

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23
Q

Hyaluronidase

A

Enzyme that digests connective tissue of host

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24
Q

Staphylokinase

A

Enzyme that digests blood clots

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25
Lipase
Enzyme that digests oils Allows more easy colonization on skin
26
Leukocidin
Toxin that lyses neutrophils and macrophages
27
Enterotoxin
Toxin that induces n/v and diarrhea
28
Exfoliative toxins
Toxins that cause desquamation of skin (decay of top layer)
29
Toxic Shock Syndrome toxin
Toxin that indices fever, vomiting, rash, and organ damage
30
9 Common characteristics of Streptococci | Gram, formation, colonies, spores/flagella, capsules ## Footnote fastidiousness, special enzyme, vulnerabilities
- Gram-positive - Long chains or pairs of cocci - Small, colorless colonies - Non-spore-forming, nonmotile - Form capsules and slime layers - Facultative anaerobe - Produce peroxidase - fastidious (nutrient-rich, blood) - Vulnerable to dryness, heat, disinfectant
31
2 classification systems for Strep subgroups
Lancefield group (based on cell wall) Hemolysis
32
What is the most infamous Streptococcal species?
S. pyogenes
33
Streptolysin
Toxin that causes hemolysis
34
Erythrogenic/pyrogenic toxin
Toxin that indices fever
35
Superantigen
Toxin that stimulates monocytes and lymphocytes to release tissue necrotic factor
36
Streptokinase
Enzyme that digests fibrin clots
37
M-Protein
Surface antigen that causes phagocytosis resistance
38
Hyaluronic Acid
Substance that prevents immune response Can be found covering S. pyogenes
39
Erysipelas
Skin infection of dermis and subcutaneous tissue Caused by infection of open wound, can become systemic
40
What bacteria causes scarlet fever?
S. pyogenes
41
Rheumatic Fever
Carditis caused by untreated scarlet fever
42
Streptococcus algalacticae
Group B strep bacteria Lives in vagina, pharynx, large intestine Can be transferred to infant during delivery and cause severe infection
43
Which groups of strep bacteria mainly infect non-human animals?
C and G
44
What genus name is used for Group D Strep bacteria? What defines them
Enterococcus Normal flora of human L. intestines, can cause opportunistic infection
45
What group of streptococci commonly cause cavities?
Viridans
46
What is the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
47
Quellung Test
Test for determining presence of S. pneumonia
48
What family consists of gram-negative cocci? What 2 human pathogens are in this family?
Neisseriaceae N. gonorrhoeae N. meningitides
49
What notable structures do Neisseria bacteria possess?
Diplococci Capsules Pili Catalase
50
What are 9 s/s of gonorrhea?
- No s/s (10% males, 50% females) - Urethritis (male and female) - Vaginitis (Female) - Salpingitis/PID (female) - Proctitis (due to anal intercourse) - Rash/chronic arthritis (direct infection of bloodstream) - Conjunctivitis (due to infection via eyes from personal hygiene) - Meningitis - Endocarditis
51
What skin lesions appear in about half of N. meningitidis cases?
Petechiae (purple spots) on trunk and appendages
52
Which Baccilus species can cause food poisoning?
B. cereus
53
What are the three types of anthrax?
Cutaneous Pulmonary Gastrointestinal
54
What baccili are gram-positive, spore-forming, aerobic, and catalase-positive?
Baccilus
55
What baccili are gram-positive, spore-forming, anaerobic, and catalase negative?
Clostridium
56
Which bacteria cause gas gangrene and mynecrosis?
Clostridium perfringens
57
What bacteria cause tetanus?
Clostridium tetani
58
Tetanospasm
Toxin that causes paralysis by binding to motor nerve endings and blocking signals telling muscles to relax, leaving muscles permanently contracted
59
What bacteria cause C-diff/CDI?
Clostridium difficile
60
Which two Clostridium species cause food poisoning?
C. botulinum (Botulism) C. perfringens (2nd most common cause of food poisoning)
61
Botulinum toxin
Toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum that bonds to motor receptor sites and prevents signals (ACH) telling muscles to contract
62
Floppy Baby Syndrome
Paralysis of infants caused by botulism, caused by ingestion
63
Listeria monocytogenes
Gram-positive, non-spore-forming bacterium w/ varying shapes Resistant to cold, heat, salt, pH, and bile Virulence due to reproducing after being eaten Found in meat and dairy, including refrigerated
64
Corynebacterium diptheriae
Gram-positive, Non-spore-forming tapered rod Causes diphtheria (Pseudomembrane of throat, cratered sores, can affect heart/nerves)
65
What type of stain is used for mycobacteria? Why?
Acid-fast staining Does not show up w/ gram stain
66
What two diseases are caused by mycobacteria?
Tuberculosis Leprosy
67
Tubercle
Long, thin rod that grows in cords or sinuous masses Early sign of tuberculosis
68
Caseous Lesion
Hard lesion created by breakdown of tubercule
69
Mantoux Test
Intradermal injection used to test for TB
70
Two forms of leprosy
Tuberculoid (primarily affects skin, less serious) Lepromatous (Widespread, more serious)
71
Fish Tank Granuloma
Mycobacterium disease caused by scrapes on aquarium gravel, pool concrete
72
Pseudonomas
Genus of Basilic, non-spore-forming, gram-negative rod bacterium Monotrichous (single flagellum) Non-fermenting +Oxidase, catalase Usually decomposer, opportunistic, Often nosocomial (obtained in hospital) Biomediator for oil spills
73
Biomediator
An organism introduced to combat a biological or environmental problem
74
What 8 diseases can Pseudomonas cause?
pneumonia, UTI, abscesses, otitis, coronary disease, bronchopneumonia, endocarditis, meningitis
75
Brucellosis
A disease transmitted to humans by cattle Fluctuating pattern of fever Caused by Brucella
76
Brucella
Gram-negative, non-spore-forming coccobacillus
77
Bordetella Pertussis
Gram-negative, non-spore-forming coccobacillus Cause of whooping cough/pertussis
78
What causes legionnaire's disease and Pontiac Fever?
Legionella pneumophila
79
Enterobacteria
Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, basilic bacteria that perform fermentation Found in GI tracts of most large mammals, including humans Responsible for 50% of nosocomial infections
80
Coliform
bacteria that performs lactose fermentation
81
H antigen K Antigen O Antigen
Flagellar Antigen Capsular / Fimbrial antigen Cell wall / somatic antigen
82
6 Types of patheogenic E. coli?
Enterohemorrhagic (Bleeding, renal damage) Enterotoxigenic (severe diarrhea) Enteroinvasive (L. intestine infalmmation) Enteropathic (Infant diarrhea) Enteroaggregate (Ped. diarrhea) Diffusely Adherent (Ped. Diarrhea)
83
5 Coliforms
Escherichia Coli Klebsiella pneumoniae Enterobacter (UTI, surgical infections) Citrobacter (UTI, Becteremia) Serratia marcescens (pneumonia, burn/wound infections, sepsis, meningitis)
84
3 Opportunistic non-coliform enteric bacteria
Proteus Morganella Providencia
85
2 non-coliform True Enteric Pathogens
Salmonella Shigella
86
What disease is commonly caused by salmonella?
Typhoid fever
87
What disease is caused by Shigella
Shigellosis / Dysentery
88
What is the biggest difference between typhoid fever and shigellosis?
Typhoid fever will cause bowel perforation, shigellosis will not
89
Yersinia enterocolitica
Enteric pathogen that is transmitted through infection animals and plants
90
What disease is caused by Yersinia pestis
Black plague
91
Sylvatic Plague Urban Plague
Y. Pestis infection from wild animals Y. Pestis infection from semidomesticated animals
92
What are the three stages of the black plague?
Bubonic plague (lymph swelling) Septicemic plague (Clotting, hemorrhage) Pneumonic plague (highly contaigous)
93
What disease is caused by Treponema pallidum?
Syphilis
94
What genus of bacteria are spirochetes?
Treponema Borrelia
95
What disease is caused by Borrelia hermsii?
Lyme disease
96
3 stages of syphilis
Primary (chancre, highly contagious, heals on own) Latency (months) Secondary (In bloodstream; rash[painless, no itch, heals on own], fever, headache, sore throat) Latency (years) Tertiary (gummas [tumors], organ damage)
97
4 S/S of congenital syphilis
Nasal discharge Skin eruptions Bone deformities (esp. teeth) Nervous system abnormalities
98
Lyme disease mimics what types of conditions?
neuromuscular and rheumatoid
99
What disease is caused by Vibrio cholerae?
Cholera
100
What is the most well-know Heliobacter?
H. Pylori
101
Rickettsiales
Gram-negative, nonmotile, coccobacilli
102
What 4 diseases are caused by genus Rickettsioses
Typhus Spotted fever Ehrlichiosis Anaplasmosis
103
3 mycoplasmas
Mycoplasma pneumoniae Mycoplasma genitalium (minor STD) Ureplasma urealyticum (minor STD)
104
L Form L-Phase variant
Bacteria w/o cell walls from species that normally have cell walls Caused by exposure to certain drugs or enzymes

EOSC - Spring 2024 (7 decks)

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