Microbiology Unit 5 Flashcards
(93 cards)
1
Q
What are the cell walls of most eukaryotic microbes (excluding fungi) made of?
A
Cellulose
2
Q
What are the cell walls of most fungi made of?
A
Chitin
3
Q
What does the RER have that the SER does not?
A
Ribosomes embedded in in structure
4
Q
What is the RER used for?
What is the smooth ER used for?
A
RER is used for protein synthesis/modification/transport
SER is used for synthesis, transport, modification storage of lipids
5
Q
Transport Vesicle
A
A vesicle that carries proteins from the RER to the Golgi apparatus
6
Q
Condensing vesicle
Secretory vesicle
A
A vesicle that transports completed proteins from the Golgi apparatus to organelles
A vesicle that transports completed proteins out of the cell
7
Q
Golgi apparatus
A
completes protein synthesis and transports proteins
8
Q
Lysosome
A
Vesicle that contains an enzyme
9
Q
Vacuole
A
Membrane bound sac that contains food or waste
10
Q
Phagosomes
A
A vacuole merged with a lysosome, to break down either food or waste
11
Q
Cristae
A
Inner folds of a mitochondrion
12
Q
What are ribosomes made of?
A
Non-membrane-bound RNA and proteins
13
Q
What are the two types of microscopic fungi?
A
Hyphae (Mold; long, filamentous fungi)
Yeast (ovoid, reproduces via budding)
14
Q
Mycosis
A
Any disease caused by a fungus
15
Q
Helminth
A
Parasitic worm
16
Q
Mixotroph
A
Organism that can can be both autotrophic and heterotrophic
17
Q
Osmotrophy
A
Absorption of soluble products by a protist
18
Q
What is the difference between protozoa and algae?
A
Protozoa are heterotrophs and algae are autotrophs
19
Q
Holozoic nutrition
A
A solid nutrient acquired by phagocytosis
20
Q
Ectoplasm
A
Outer viscous layer of cytoplasm just underneath cell membrane (Protists only)
21
Q
Endoplasm
A
Inner thinner layer of cytoplasm (Protists only)
22
Q
Contractile Vacuole
A
Vacuole that expels excess water to prevent cell lysis
23
Q
Encystment
A
Entrance of a protist into suspended animation in response to harsh environmental condition
24
Q
What percent of diseases are caused by eukaryotic parasites?
A
20%
25
Aside from amoebas, what organisms are considered amoebazoans?
2 types of slime molds
Myxogastria
Dictyostelia
26
Amebiasis
Amoebic Dysentery
Caused by Entamoeba histolytica
asymptomatic in 90% of cases, but can degrade small intestinal walls and steal nutrients from host
27
What two types of amoeba infect the brain?
Naegleria fowleri
Acanthamoeba
28
Where are brain-eating amoebas usually found?
Warm standing water
29
Balantidium coli
A ciliate protozoa that parasitizes the intestine and causes diarrhea
Found in domestic livestock
30
Trichomonas
Flagellated, pear-shaped protozoa
Causes trichomoniasis
31
Trichomoniasis
STD caused by trichomonas protist
Causes inflammation, discharge
32
Giardia intestinalis
Heart-shaped flagellated protist that causes giardiasis/giardia
Contracted by drinking (clean-seeming) water, carried by almost all mammals in U.S.
Causes GI problems
33
Euglenozoa/euglid
Ovoid flagellated protist that is non-parasitic
About 1/3 are photosynthetic
Found in fresh water
Has an eye spot, pellicle, crystalline rod; lacks cell wall
34
Hemoflagellates
Flagellated protists that are obligate parasites
Live in blood
Vector-borne (spread by insect bites) in tropical regions
35
Trypanosoma
Genus of euglenozoa that are also hemoflagellates
36
4 stages of hemoflagellate life cycle
Amastigote: (No flagella, no undulating membrane)
Promastigote: (Single flagellum, no undulating membrane)
Epimastigote (Single flagellum, undulating membrane)
Trypomastigote (Fully formed)
37
T. brucei
Trypansomone that causes African sleeping sickness
Spread by bite of tsetse flies
Causes sleep disturbance, tremors, paralysis, coma
MUST be caught and treated before it spreads to CNS
38
T. cruzi
Trypanosome that causes Chagas disease/kissing disease
Spread by reduviid bug (it bites near the mouth and defecates in the bite)
Causes lesion, fever, swelling of lymph nodes/spleen/liver/heart
39
Apicomplexans
Unicellular, spore-forming, nonmotile protists that parasitize animals
Names from apical complex (tip) that is used to penetrate hos cells
40
Plasmodium
Apicompexan that causes malaria
Spread mainly by mosquito bites, but can also spread through food and water
Causes chills/fever, sweating, anemia, spleen/liver enlargement
41
Schizogony
Asexual division of a protozoa
42
What are the three phases of plasmodium life cycle?
- Sporozoites (mature plasmodium injected into human host, travels to liver and produces merozoites)
- Merozoite (Enters red blood cells and produces trophozoites until RBC bursts)
- Trophozoites (Gametes that are absorbed by mosquito, travels to salivary glands and produces sporozoites)
43
Toxoplasma gondii
Coccidian, apicomplexan protist that causes toxoplasmosis
Carried by many mammals, but require cats for sexual reproduction
Acquired by eating raw meat or substances infected by cat feces
Usually asymptomatic, but can cause brain/heart damage in fetuses and AIDS patients
44
Cystoisospora belli
Coccidial, apicomplexan protist that causes coccidiosis
Fecal-oral route, lab contact
Malaise, n/v, diarrhea (can be bloody), fatty stools, abd cramps, weight loss
45
Frustule
Two-piece cell wall made of silica (AKA glass)
Exclusive to diatoms
46
Definitive host
host in which helminths live as adults and mate
47
Intermediate Host
Host in which larval development of a helminth occurs
48
Transport host
A helminth host that experiences no parasitic development
49
Roundworm
Nematodes, most numerous animals
Most are free-living, but some are parasitic
50
Two types of parasitic roundworms
Intestinal nematodes
Tissue nematodes
51
5 types of intestinal nematodes and their diseases
- Ascaris lumbricoides / ascariasis
- Trichuris trichiura / whipworm (trichuriasis)
- Enterobius vermicularis / pinworm/seatworm (enterobiasis)
- Necator americanus / hookworm
- Ancylostoma duodenale / also hookworm
52
Filariasis
Chronic deforming disease caused by tissue neamtodes
53
Tape test
test used to diagnose for pinworms
Place a piece of tape on the anus and remove (preferably at night) and remove. If pt has pinworm, eggs will be present)
54
Which intestinal nematodes can also infect feet and cause anemia?
Hookworms
55
How are intestinal nematodes spread?
How are tissue nematodes spread?
Fecal-oral
Arthropod bites
56
Wucheria bancrofti
tissue nematode that causes elephantiasis
Causes extreme swelling of extremities due to blockage of lymph nodes
57
Trematodes / Flukes
Flatworms with ovoid, flat bodies
Infect blood, liver, lungs
Often use snails and fish as intermediate hosts
58
Schistosomiasis
Disease caused by blood fluke
Spread to humans from freshwater snails vis feces
Infects liver, intestine, bladder, causes chronic organ enlargement
59
what are the 3 stages of blood flukes?
Miracidium (larval 1)
Cercaria (Larval 2)
Schistosome (adult)
60
What are the two species of liver flukes?
Opisthorcis (Clonorchis) sinensis (spread by undercooked fish)
Fasciola hepatica (spread by raw plants grown in/near water)
61
Paragonimus westermani
Lung fluke
Spread by eating undercooked crustaceans
62
Cestode
Tapeworm
63
What are the two main species of tapeworm?
Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm)
Taenia solium (pork tapeworm)
64
Taeniasis
tapeworm infection
65
Scolex
Proglottid
Strobila
The head of a tapeworm w/ hooks/suckers
Sacs within a tapeworm that contain reproductive structures
The body of a tapeworm, consisting of a chain of proglottids
66
Cysticercosis
infection/encystment of taenia solinum in tissues
Can cause seizures/psych disorders if infect nervous system
67
Ectoparasite
Parasites that live outside the host
(ticks, mosquitos, etc)
68
Two types of ticks
Ixodid/hard ticks
Argasid/soft ticks
69
Hypha
Individual thread of a mycelium
70
Microsporidia
Unicellular, parasitic fungi that lack mitochondria
opportunistic
71
Chytrids
Aquatic fungi, have flagella
72
Zygomycota
Terrestrial fungi that produce zygospores
includes bread molds
73
Glomeromycota / Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi
Terrestrial fungi that engage in symbiotic relationships w/ plant roots
Only reproduce asexually
74
Ascomycotans / Sac fungi
Form ascus, or sac, structures externally
Includes truffles, morels, lichens, mildew, penicillin
75
Basidiomycota / Club Fungi
Cap mushrooms
76
Basidiospores
Basidium
Spores released by club fungi
reproductive structure on mushroom gills
77
What part of the body to fungi usually infect?
Lungs
78
Mycosis
General term for a fungal disease
79
Thermal dimorphism
Ability for some fungi to grow as molds in colder temperatures (30 C) and yeasts at higher temperatures (37 C)
80
Histoplamsa capsulatum
Most common true pathogen amongst fungi, causes histoplasmosis / Ohio Valley fever
Found globally in bird droppings, most common in east and central U.S.
Lung infection that can lead to chronic lung disease and multiple organ involvement (systemic)
Serious cases may require chemo
81
Coccidionycosis / Valley Fever
Systemic fungal infection caused by Coccidioides immitis
Lives in alkaline soils in semiarid, hot climates
Endemic to SW U.S.
Lungs, skin, bones, CNS
Lung infection, raised black lumps on skin
82
Fungomas
Nodules in lungs caused by chronic coccidiomycosis
83
Sporotrichosis / Rose Gardener's Disease
Subcutaneous mycosis caused by Sporothrix schenckii
Forms nodule beneath skin, spreads to nearby lymph nodes
84
Mycetoma
Accidental implantation of soil microbes in skin
Causes progressive, tumor-like chronic infection
85
Dermatophytoses
Infections strictly confined to keratinized epidermis (skin, hair, nails)
Cutaneous epinermis
All associated fungi are called tinea/ringworm
86
Tineas Cruris
Jock itch
cutaneous mycosis /dermatophytosis of groin/scrotum
87
Candida albicans
yeast that acts as opportunistic infection
Can range from superficial skin irritation to fatal systemic diseases
yeast infection, thrush, cutaneous candidiasis
88
Where do cutaneous candidiasis infections occur?
Chronically moist areas (e.g. fat rolls), burn patients
89
Cryptococcus neoformans
Opportunisic fungal pathogen that often infection AIDS, cancer, and diabetes pateints
Lives near pigeon roosts
Causes cough, fever, lung nodules, meningitis, death
90
Pneumocystis jiroveci
opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes pneumonia
pneumocystis pnemonia (PCP)
91
Aspergillus
Genus of fungal pathogen that causes aspergillosis
Starts in lungs before moving to brain/heart
92
Mycotoxicosis
Allergy to fungi
93
Aflatoxin
Fungal toxins found in grain/corn/peanuts
Lethal to poultry and livestock
