Micronutrients Flashcards
(89 cards)
1
Q
What are the main 7 macro minerals?
A
- Calcium
- Sodium
- Chloride
- Potassium
- Phosphorous
- Magnesium
- Sulfur
2
Q
What are main functions of potassium in the body?
A
- major intracellular cation electrolyte
- involved in cell metabolism
- transporting glucose and protein into cells and glycogen synthesis
- involved in electrical function of the heart
- involved in acid-base balance
- supports normal renal function
- this nutrient should maintain balance levels intra/extracellular
3
Q
What causes an increase in urinary potassium excretion?
A
caffeine and magnesium
4
Q
What is the normal range of potassium in the body?
A
3.5-5 mEq/L
5
Q
Food sources of potassium
A
sweet potatoes
potatoes
tomatoes
beans
orange juice
prunes
avocado
bananas
hard water
lima beans
6
Q
Hyperkalemia can occur in what disease most commonly?
A
individuals with kidney disease because kidneys have decreased capacity to be able to excrete potassium; therefore potassium must be restricted in the diet
7
Q
Potassium deficiency symptoms (hypokalemia)
A
- associated with hypertension
- lethargy
- weakness
- cramping
- slow irregular heart beat
- respiratory distress
8
Q
Hyperkalemia symptoms
A
- neuromuscular issues
- cardiac arrhythmias
- muscle twitches
- cramping
- acid base imbalance
potentially fatal and can lead to heart attack, especially in dialysis patients
9
Q
What is hypokalemia most often caused by?
A
Diuretics, used most often to get rid of excess fluid in the body
GI tract losses from diarrhea and vominting
10
Q
Clinical terminology for increasing potassium for client
A
Replete Potassium
11
Q
About Sodium (List facts and main functions)
A
- extracellular electrolyte with positive cation charge
- regulated by kidneys and central nervous system
- primary regulator of extracellular fluid volume
- helps maintain membrane potential
- involved in active transport of nutrients across the membrane
12
Q
Normal range of sodium levels in the body
A
135-145 mEq/L
13
Q
What increases the urinary excretion of sodium?
A
caffeine
14
Q
Symptoms of Hyponatremia
A
- nausea
- vomiting
- disorientation
- altered mental status (AMS)
- seizures
- coma
- respiratory distress
15
Q
Cause of hyponatremia in babies
A
wrong mixing of infant formulas
16
Q
Symptoms of Hypernatremia
A
- headaches
- dizziness
- seizures
- high blood pressure
potentially deadly
17
Q
Causes of Hypernatremia
A
- excessive sodium intake
- diuretics
- fluid loss that exceeds fluid loss
18
Q
Food sources of Sodium
A
- processed meats
- chips
- salted pretzels
- fast food
- table salt
- sardines
- bacon
- beans
19
Q
Facts and Functions of Magnesium
A
- found in soft tissue, skeletal and heat muscle, bones and teeth
- plays a role in glucose and protein metabolism, fatty acid synthesis
- plays role in nerve transmission
- amount in body regulated by kidneys, GI tract
- absorbed in jejunum and ileum
20
Q
Hypomagnesemia symptoms and cause
A
muscular weakness
convulsions
nausea
vomiting
neuropathy
Causes
- not enough Mg in body
- GI issues can contribute to absop issues
- certain meds
21
Q
Hypermagnesemia symptoms and cause
A
flushing
dehydration
drowsiness
cardiac arrest
coma
death
Causes
- individuals with kidney failure
22
Q
Food sources of Mg
A
Tofu
green leafy vegetables
whole grains
nuts
seeds
cocoa
23
Q
What is one of the most bioavailable forms of magnesium?
A
magnesium citrate, also less prone to bowel upset
24
Q
What can reduce the bioavailability of magnesium?
A
- dietary fibers
- fats
- calcium
- alcohol and caffeine reduce Mg through urinary excretion
25
Main functions and facts of Phosphorous
- intracellular anion
- required for proper kidney function
- required for energy metabolism
- provides energy in the form of ATP
- major intracellular proton buffer
- req for neuromuscular transmissions
- plays role in glucose metabolism
- absorbed in small intestine
26
Hypophosphatemia symptoms and causes
hemolytic anemia
referring syndrome
respiratory failure
glucose intolerance
cardiac and renal function
- when someone who hasn't eaten receives nutrition via parenteral nutrition (tube feeding)
- not enough phosphorus in the diet
- vomiting
- diarrhea
27
What nutrients need to be reduced in the diet of kidney disease patients?
Sodium
phosphorous
28
Hyperphosphatemia symptoms and causes
Too much phosphorus or just elevated usu result of kidney disease
- altered mental status
- arrhythmias
- bone pain
- itchiness
29
What do phos binders do? What is the most common?
bind to phosphorous to help maintain levels within the body, calcium
30
Foods sources of phosphorous
- beans
- dairy
- lentils
- meats
- whole grains
- seeds and nuts
If food has protein, it also has phosphorous
31
What are facts and functions of calcium?
- works closely with phosphorus
- cation
- helps keeps bone strong, and most of it is stored in bones and teeth
- imp for nerve and muscle function, cardiac and smooth muscle function
- involved in blood clotting
32
Food sources
- dairy products like cheese and milk
- fish with bones
- tofu
- calcium fortified orange juice
- almonds
- shellfish
- soy milk
- sardines
- muscle cramps
33
Hypocalcemia symptoms and causes
muscle spasms
muscle cramps
brittle hair, nails
osteoporosis
depression
rickets
hypertension in Ca sensitive ppl
- low Mg, high Phos
- medications
34
What are some foods that cause a decrease in bioavailability of calcium?
coffee
caffeine
sodium
dietary protein
cation dietary fibers
35
What form of calcium is most bioavailable?
calcium citrate
36
What increases bioavailability of calcium?
vitamin D, arginine, lysine, lactose, light meal, acidic beverages
37
symptoms of hypercalcemia and common cause
soft tissue mineralization
weakness in bones
cause
hyperparathyroidism
kidney issues
38
Major functions and facts about chloride
- one of the main extracellular anions
- primary regulator of fluid
- electrolyte
- involved with acid-base balance
- works w/ sodium to maintain proper fluid balance outside of the cell
39
Food sources of chloride
processed foods with added salt
table salt
40
Deficiency of chloride in children can lead to
convulsions
41
Toxicity of chloride can lead to: ?
And what is the most common cause of this
hypertension via consumption of too much table salt
42
What is the most common cause of hyperchloremia?
acute dehydration
43
Facts and Functions of Sulfur
- plays integral part of glutathione, insulin, keratin, and glycosaminoglycans in skin, cartilage and connective tissue
- component of many coenzymes
- part of vitamins and amino acids
- aids in drug detox
- plays role in acid-base balance
44
Food sources of sulfur
- beef
- dried beans
- peas
- peanut butter
- wheat germ
- wine
- coconut
- bread
- brussel sprouts
45
Why are brussel sprouts considered a functional food?
- contain sulfur compounds like sulforaphane, which triggers vital detoxification in the liver
- indole-3-carbinol (I3C), a compound that has been linked to various health benefits, particularly in relation to cancer prevention and hormone balance
46
What are the trace minerals? (Name 7)
Boron
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Fluorine
Iodine
Iron
Manganese
Molybdenum
Nickel
Silicon
Tin
Zinc
Vanadium
47
Functions and facts about Iron
- most abundant micro mineral in body
- stored in liver, muscles, bone marrow, and spleen (2-4 grams)
- immune function
- component of hemoglobin
- cognitive fct/development
- necessary for catecholamine metabolism
48
Non-heme iron absorption think these two nutrients
Vitamin C and Iron
49
Iron rich foods
- Meat
- seafood
- greens
dark leafy green veggies
enriched grain foods
50
Iron deficiency symptoms
tachycardia (fast heart rate)
fatigue
sleepiness
headache
anorexia
feeling cold
51
What are some things that affect iron bioavailability?
vitamin C
glutamic acid
aspartic acid
acidity
52
Iron thieves
- phytic acid (in greens )
- oxalic acid (chard, tea, chocolate)
- polyphenols (coffee, tea, cocoa)
Calcium, Zinc, Manganese
chromium toxicity
53
About Boron (facts and functions)
- decreases urinary excretion of Calcium
- increased serum concentration of estrogen and testosterone
- req for cell membrane fat
- may help prevent osteoporosis
54
Food sources of boron
soybean meal
prunes
raisins
almonds
rosehips
peanuts
hazelnuts
55
Boron deficiency causes
- excessive Ca loss
- low circulating sex hormone
56
Boron toxicity causes
- dermatitis
- diarrhea
- nausea
- vomiting
57
Zinc (functions and facts)
- Wound healing
- insulin synthesis, imp for glucose control
- immune function may have antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties
- carbohydrate metabolism
excreted by GI tract, skin, and kidneys and needed for enzyme reactions
58
What is required for zinc absorption?
hydrochloric acid and albumin
59
How does acid reflux meds affect zinc absorption?
it can decrease them because it reduces HCL levels in stomach
60
Zinc absorption and nutrient-nutrient interactions
phytic acid
calcium supp.
high Zn can interact w/ copper and iron
61
Zinc deficiency can lead to what fat soluble vitamin deficiency
A
62
Where to find zinc in food?
meats
seafood
whole grains
vegans may need this trace mineral supplmented
63
What are some things that can contribute to zinc deficiency?
Alcoholics
Post op patients
renal disease
liver disease
64
Copper Facts and Functions
- component of iron metabolism
- major role in oxidation
- myelin regulation
- glucose metabolism and iron metab
65
How is copper balance maintained?
more so by excretion
66
What is required for copper absorption?
hydrochloric acid helps to release bound copper so it can be absorbed in the duodenum by active transport or passive diffusion
67
Copper food sources
nuts
whole grains
liver
cocoa
beans
dried fruit
68
Copper deficiency and causes
Hypopigmentation
Sensory ataxia
neutropenia
heart issues
hemodialysis patients
bariatric surgery
absorption issues : celiac, intestinal surgeries, bariatric surgeries
69
Copper toxicity
biliary excretion and cholestatis can be caused by this
- associated with Wilson's disease
70
cholestasis more common in what type of nutrition-
parenteral nutrition
71
Manganese (functions and facts )
- activate enzymes for urea formation
- neutralize free radicals and plays a role in carb synthesis
- excess of this nutrient gets excreted by the bile
- liver plays important role with managing this nutrient
72
Manganese toxicity symptoms
- pancreatitis
- immune system issues
- hallucinations
- muscle spasms
73
Manganese's food sources
nuts
oats
whole grains
74
Selenium (functions and facts)
- antioxidant
- involved in glutathione peroxidase
- plays role in thyroid metabolism
- amt depends on amt in soil
75
Selenium food sources
Brazil nuts
organ meats
fish
shellfish
eggs
76
Se deficiency symptoms
nausea
vomiting
irritability
fatigue
77
Iodine
- primary form is iodized slat
-absorbed in dudodenum and stomach
- amt depends on amt in soil
78
What vegetables interfere with iodine uptake?
cruciferous vegetables (goitrogens)
79
Chromium function and form
- needed for growth and development
- not well absorped
- CARB AND LIPID METABL
80
Food sources of chromium
whole grains
egg yolks
processed meats
81
Symptoms of deficiency of Chromium
weigh loss
hypoglycemia
82
Chromium deficiency symptom
muscle rhabdomyalsis
83
Fluoride
- bone mineralization
- plays role in helping to reduce dental caries
- may play role in reducing osteoporosis
- takes place in the stomach
84
Fluoride toxicity
joint pain
stiffness
85
Food sources of F
Fluoridated water
seaweed
toothpaste
86
Molybdenum facts and functions
- cofactor for metalloenzymes
- bound to oxygen or sulfur in the body
- absorbed in SI and transported down the body to albumin
- body excretes excess
- deficiency not common
87
Molybdenum food sources
beans
grains
nuts
88
Silicon is a trace mineral important for what body tissue type?
Connective tissue cross linking
89
Vanadium main function
mimics effects of insulin on adipocytes
