Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

MET 2 > Micronutrients > Flashcards

Micronutrients Flashcards

(81 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Define micronutrients

A

Essential compounds required in small amounts in the diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the role of micronutrients in adults

A

Maintaining homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the role of micronutrients in paeds

A

Energy suppluy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does RDA stand for

A

Recommended dietary allowance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Name four vitamins that are fat soluble

A

A, D, E and K

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Can fat soluble vitamins be stored

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which type of vitamins (fat soluble vs water soluble) can be toxic

A

Fat soluble (water soluble excess lost in urine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name four water soluble vitamins

A

B, folate, biotin, C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Do water soluble or fat soluble vitamins usually act as coenzymes

A

Water soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Name some causes of decreased vitamin intake in developed countries

A
  • Alcohol dependency
  • Small bowel disease
  • Vegans
  • Elderly with poor diet
  • Anorexic people
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What deficiencies are common in alcohol dependency

A

Vitamin B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What causes of decreased intake vitamin deficiency can cause vitamin B9 deficiency

A

Small bowel disease
Elderly with poor diet
Anorexia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are vegan usually deficient in

A

Vitamin B

Vitamin B12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What can cause decreased absorption vitamin deficiency in the developed world

A

Ileal disease
Liver and biliary tract disease
Intestinal bacterial growth
Oral antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 3 things that most commonly cause all deficiencies in the developed world

A

Fat malabsorption
Alcoholism
Liver disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What factors can contribute to vitamin A deficiency

A

Infection, measles, protein energy malnutrition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Clinical features of vitamin A deficiency

A

Xerophthalmia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Contributing factors to vitamin D deficiency

A

Ageing

Lack of sunlight exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Clinical features of vitamin D deficiencies

A

Rickets

Osteomalacia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Contributing factor to vitamin E deficiency

A

Antibiotic use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Clinical feature of vitamin E deficiency

A

Peripheral neuropathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cause of vitamin K deficiency

A

Antibiotic use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Clinical feature of vitamin K deficiency

A

Coagulopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Cause of vitamin C deficiency

A

Smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Clinical features of vitamin C deficiency
Scurvy
26
What is the clinical feature of B1 deficiency
beri beri
27
What is the clinical feature of B2 deficiency
Angular stomatitis
28
What is the clinical feature of b3 deficiency
Pellagra
29
What is the clinical feature of b6 deficiency
Neuropathy | Anaemia
30
What is the clinical feature of b12
Anaemia
31
What is the clinical feature of b9 deficiency
Anaemia
32
Define trace elements
Dietary minerals necessary in minute quantities for the normal function of organism
33
What happens when you are calcium deficient
- Osteoporosis - Paresthesia - Muscle spasms
34
What happens if you have a phosphorus deficiency
- Bone pain - Pseudofractures - Proximal muscle weakness - Rickets - Short stature in children
35
What happens if you have an iron deficiency
Anaemia
36
What happens if you have selenium deficiency
Cardiomyopathy
37
What happens if theres a zinc deficiency
``` Growth retardation Alopecia Dermatitis Diarrhoea Congenital malformations ```
38
What happens if there's a copper deficiency
Growth retardation
39
Define refeeding syndrome
Severe electrolyte disturbance and metabolic abnormalities in patients undergoing refeeding whether orally, enterally, paraenterally
40
What are the long term consequences of refeeding syndrome
Pulmonary oedema, confusion, coma, cardiac failure and death
41
What metabolic changes happen during chronic malnutrition
Low insulin, high glucagon and cortisol Gluconeolysis, gluconeogenesis, protein catabolism Depletion of electrolytes, proteins, fats minerals and vitamisn
42
What is secreted when refeeding occurs after chronic malnutrition
Insulin
43
What is the effect of insulin on protein and glycogen synthesis
Increases
44
Describe what happens in refeeding at a cellular level
- Increased glucose uptake - Increased phosphorus, magnesium and potassium - Increased thiamine use
45
How do the levels of electrolytes change after refeeding
``` Hypophosphataemia Hypokalaemia Hypomagnesaemia Thiamine deficiency Sodium and water retention ```
46
Neurological complications of refeeding syndrome
Convulsions, delerium, ataxia
47
Cardiovascular complications of refeeding syndrome
Hypotension, arrythmias, heart failure
48
How should refeeding syndrome be managed
Aggresive electrolyte replacement Nutrional supplementation Treat underlying medical problem
49
What are the main functions of iron
Oxygen transport Myoglobin function in skeletal muscle Absorbed in small bowel
50
Signs and symptoms of excess iron
``` Lethargy and fatigue Abdominal and joint pain Reduced libido Bronzing of skin Diabetes Cirrhosis ```
51
Other than sunlight deficiency, what can cause vitamin D deficiency
Obesity Smoking Alcohol Exercise
52
Signs and symptoms of osteomalacia
``` Reduced bone strength Increase in bone fracture Bone pain Bending of bones Muscle weakness Waddling gait ```
53
Name 3 groups of people who require more vitamin D
Pregnant/ breastfeeding women People with low sun exposure Age >65 years
54
What can happen as a result of thiamine deficiency
Wernickes Encephalopathy and Korsakoff's psychosis
55
What is another name for vitamin B1
Thiamine
56
Where is thiamine absorbed
Jejunum
57
What is vitamin B1 involved in
- Involved in glycolysis and krebs cycle - Involved in BCAA metabolism - Involved in pentose phosphate cycle metabolism
58
When is vitamin B1 deficiency most commonly seen
- Malignancy | - Alcoholism
59
Signs and symptoms of thiamine deficiency
Cognitive impairment Cognitive impairment Muscle weakness
60
What is another name for thiamine deficiency
Beri beri
61
Symptoms of dry beri beri
Symmetric peripheral neuropathy
62
What are the symptoms of shoshin beri beri
Fulminant cardiac failure | Lactic acidosis
63
What are the symptoms of wet beri beri
Cardiac symptoms such as enlarged heart, tachycardia, high output ccf, peripheral oedema Peripheral neurititis
64
What are the symptoms of Wernicke's encephalopathy
Horizontal nystagmus Ophthalmoplegia Cerebellar ataxxia
65
Define Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Mental impairment with additional loss of memory and a confabulatory psychosis
66
What is another name for vitamin b3
Niacin
67
Where is niacin absorbed
Jejunum
68
What does niacin form
NAD and NADP which act as hydrogen acceptors in many oxidative reactions
69
What can cause niacin deficiency
Vegetarian diets | Alcoholism
70
What is Hartnup's disease
Congenital defect of intestinal and kidney absorporption of tryptophan leading to vit b3 deficiency
71
How does carcinoid syndrome lead to vitamin b3 deficiency
Increased conversion of tryptophan to serotonin
72
Signs and symptoms of early pellagra/ b3 deficiency
``` Loss of appetite Generalised weakness Irritability Abdominal pain Vomiting Bright red glossitis ```
73
Signs and symptoms of late pellegra
``` Casals necklace Vaginitis Oesophagitis Diarrhoea Depression Seizures ```
74
What is Casals necklace
Skin rash particularly in areas expsoed to sunlight
75
What are the signs and symptoms of pathologically high b3 levels
Flushing Glucose intolerance, macular oedema and cysts Fulminant hepatitis
76
Describe how vitamin B12 is absorbed in the body
Dissassociated from proteins in stomach Complexes with intrinsic factor in small intestine Absorbed via specific receptors in terminal ileum
77
What % of B12 is absorbed and what is excreted
40% absorbed | 60% excreted
78
Common causes of b12 deficiency
Inadequate intake Disorders of terminal ileum Defective release of cobalamin from food Inadequate IF productive
79
What are the forms of haematological b12 deficiency
Megaloblastic anaemia | Neutropaenia and thrombocytopaenia
80
Neurological symptoms of b12 deficiency
Sensory disturbance, gait abnormalities, memory loss and disorientation
81
Gastrointestinal symptoms of b12 deficiency
Beefy red glossitis Malabsorption and diarrhoea Anorexia

MET 2 (32 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions