Mid-Semester Test Revision Flashcards
Describe the venous drainage of the heart
Left side: Great cardiac vein
Posterior/inferior (alongside PDA): Middle cardiac vein
Right side: Small cardiac veins
Describe neurohumoral factors that control coronary artery flow
- Adrenaline
- Noradrenaline
- Acetylcholine
List some endothelial factors that play a role in coronary autoregulation
- Endothelin
- PGI2
- Nitric oxide
Relationship between resistance and conductance
They are the reciprocal of one another
Describe some factors that determine coronary blood flow
- Coronary venous PO2 (higher, less flow)
- Heart rate (higher, more flow)
List some metabolic factors that influence coronary vasomotor tone
- pH
- Adenosine
- K+
Effect of B2 activation on coronary arteries
Dilate
Effect of alpha receptor activation on coronary vessels
Constrict
Describe the migration of monocytes during atherosclerosis development
- Selectins slow
- While rolling, hits cchemokines
- Activates integrins
- Binds to VCAM/ICAM
- Transendothelial migration
- Becomes macrophage
How many true ribs are there on either side? Which are they?
T1-T7 (7)
How many false ribs are there on either side? Which are they? (not including floating ribs)
T8-T10 (3)
How many floating ribs are there on either side? Which are they?
T11-T12 (2)
List the four divisions of the mediastinum
Anterior, posterior, middle, superior
There is a transverse line that passes between the superior mediastinum and the other subdivisions. Where does it cut through anteriorly and posteriorly?
Anterior: Sternal angle
Posterior: T4/T5 intervertebral disc
List the five stages of change
- Pre-contemplation
- Contemplation
- Preparation-action
- Maintenance
- Relapse
Pectinate muscles vs trabeculae carnae
Pectinate: Atria
Tabecuale carnae: ventricles
Explain the diving reflex and its utility
- When the face comes into contact with water, heart rate slows down
- Blood is also redirected to vital organs, helping to preserve temp
- This allows the body to conserve oxygen, helping us to stay underwater for longer
Response of blood pressure and heart rate to exercise
- Increased sympathetic innervation (increased heart rate, vasodilation of muscles, constriction of others)
- Increased cardiac output (frank starling mechanism)
Mitral stenosis murmur sound
Lub Dub Durrrr
Loud S1 (thick mitral valve)
Low, mid-diastolic rumble because blood is slowly moving through
Mitral regurgitation murmur sound
Pan-systolic murmur
BURRRRRRR
Happens whole way through systole (high pitched due to high velocity)
Where does a mitral regurgitation murmur radiate?
Left axilla
Aortic stenosis murmur
Ejection systolic murmur
High pitched (high velocity)
Crescendo-decrescendo due to speed of blood flow
BURRR DUB
Where does aortic stenosis murmur radiate?
Carotids
Aortic regurgitation murmur
LUB TARRRR
Early diastolic murmur
