Mid-term 1 Flashcards
(61 cards)
Machiavelli three types of people
Rulers --Want to remain in power Nobles ---Want to achieve more power by oppressing the people People ---Want only not to be oppressed People and Prince must have alliance
Machiavelli foundation of state?
combinations of good arms and good laws
—-good arms to protect laws and good laws to protect the people
Rousseau on Sovereign
General Will is Sovereign
- –law becomes an expression of General Will
- -Each person becomes a legislator by participating in General Will
- –Individuals are Subjects to obey the laws they created
- -Everyone is law maker and law obeyer
- -General Will is always right Because it is an expression of the truth
`Explain Feudalism
`
strict hierarchy
King = ruler
Nobles = landlord
people = serfs
–Nobles were tenets of the king
–King allowed them to have land; they would rent land to surfs for profit
—They fight and claim land together so the reward for the knight; land which he gives to them after successful claim– Rents out land to serfs
Serfs = tied to the land
—Farmers -subsistence economy -grew enough to eat
taxed by landlord in food
Machiavelli Subsistence Economy
Make food enough for yourself
adaptation- adapt to the land to survive `]
Machiavelli Formal Economy
Use land around to grow plenty of food then sell for profits
Machiavelli explains development of Market Town
Courts made for law to be administered this made people flock to area and then need living condition which turned into market towns –cause people to move away from pure subsistence
-People start to specialize in different work
——-inn, food stand, courts
Small level of urbanization
——division of labor
Law according to Machiavelli
People appointed to go around land to administer justice and law
King would appoint law enforcer to live in area by noble
This would create
Courts
Regular enforcement of law
Machiavelli thoughts on virtue
King must obey law and know what virtue is
—unless people have no virtue than do not have virtue towards them
Machiavelli thoughts on fortuna
pg. 80 “Men prosper as long as fortune and policy are in accord, and when there is a clash they fall.”
- –King must have good fortune in order to have good policy
- -Kings must have good fortune to stay in power
Hobbes; State of Nature and Assumptions
People are bad - seeking power, desires, continuous war, fighting; right of nature= people are bad so you need to defend yourself, self-preservation Assumptions 1. State of Accumulating Power ------People want power 2. Fear of Death ---People fear death
In Hobbes, how does one escape state of nature?
Two natural passions enable people to escape the state of nature: fear and reason;
Fear makes natural man want to escape the state of nature;
reason shows him how to escape.
Machivell: State of nature
people are good - Citizens do not crave power
Hobbes Social Contract
—give up your right to do whatever you want, in exchange others agree to not as well —-
Hobbes concludes that there must be some common power, some sovereign authority, to force people to uphold the contract.
Hobbes; How does state derive its power?
–the Social contract
-Needs revenue
—Taxation
——–everyone should pay the same for protection of the sovereign
——-poor people need more protection; rich pay more in taxes
———tax consumption, rich consume more so they pay more
==Assumes a Market Economy 1
Machiavelli; Outside State of Nature / Civil Society
All subject to the law; however there are costs and benefits of ruling; rulers want to remain in power, the nobles want to achieve power of oppression and the people don’t like to be governed, the social contract in this sense is to intermingle the needs and wants of the rulers nobles and the people to be in coexistence with one another; “All under the government need to be subject to the rule of law.”
Thomas Locke Background
1632- 1704
went to oxford
works in government in 1667
Leaves England to go to holland–returns 1688
—enters into argument with Thomas Hobbes
-sovereign is held by the people
On board of trade (colonies) in 1696
Rousseau background
1712-1778 Never knew mother-- father =watch maker lost family house 1728 left Geneva age 18; fell in love with widow ---she paid for him to think ---he had life of leisure = became secretary to the French ambassador in Venice but was fired--> believed justice could never be accomplished in a system with so much inequality---had 5 kids with his mistress and sent them all to an orphanage 1755: Discourse on Inequality 1762: On Social Contract Both concerned with Nature of inequality
Locke State of nature
Chaotic but not state of War…. Everyone is good but only a few bad apples;
- –people are born free and equal, everyone is the police and judge;
- –war is unneccesary because people can have whatever they want (problem=presupposes equality of access to resources)
Rousseau state of nature
Perfect liberty; basically happy; never existed
“man is born free, but he is everywhere in chains,”
Machiavelli Social Contract
all are subject to the law
Hobbes Social Contract
- –give up your right to do whatever you want, in exchange others agree to not as well;
- –Hobbes concludes that there must be some common power, some sovereign authority, to force people to uphold the contract.
- –rule of law ensures everyone follows the social contract
Locke Social Contract
By entering into civil society, the individual submits him or herself to the majority, and agrees to abide by the rules and decisions of the majority.
Rousseau Social Contract
General Will= association that allows individual freedom, always right because it’s an expression of “the truth” at the end of the process of ration inquiry; people lose and gain, but overall the social contract makes people happier