Flashcards in Mid-term 1 Deck (61):
1
Machiavelli three types of people
Rulers
--Want to remain in power
Nobles
---Want to achieve more power by oppressing the people
People
---Want only not to be oppressed
People and Prince must have alliance
2
Machiavelli foundation of state?
combinations of good arms and good laws
----good arms to protect laws and good laws to protect the people
3
Rousseau on Sovereign
General Will is Sovereign
---law becomes an expression of General Will
--Each person becomes a legislator by participating in General Will
---Individuals are Subjects to obey the laws they created
--Everyone is law maker and law obeyer
--General Will is always right Because it is an expression of the truth
4
`Explain Feudalism
`
strict hierarchy
King = ruler
Nobles = landlord
people = serfs
--Nobles were tenets of the king
--King allowed them to have land; they would rent land to surfs for profit
---They fight and claim land together so the reward for the knight; land which he gives to them after successful claim-- Rents out land to serfs
Serfs = tied to the land
---Farmers -subsistence economy -grew enough to eat
taxed by landlord in food
5
Machiavelli Subsistence Economy
Make food enough for yourself
adaptation- adapt to the land to survive `]
6
Machiavelli Formal Economy
Use land around to grow plenty of food then sell for profits
7
Machiavelli explains development of Market Town
Courts made for law to be administered this made people flock to area and then need living condition which turned into market towns --cause people to move away from pure subsistence
-People start to specialize in different work
-------inn, food stand, courts
Small level of urbanization
------division of labor
8
Law according to Machiavelli
People appointed to go around land to administer justice and law
King would appoint law enforcer to live in area by noble
This would create
Courts
Regular enforcement of law
9
Machiavelli thoughts on virtue
King must obey law and know what virtue is
---unless people have no virtue than do not have virtue towards them
10
Machiavelli thoughts on fortuna
pg. 80 "Men prosper as long as fortune and policy are in accord, and when there is a clash they fall."
---King must have good fortune in order to have good policy
--Kings must have good fortune to stay in power
11
Hobbes; State of Nature and Assumptions
People are bad - seeking power,
desires, continuous war, fighting; right of nature= people are bad so you need to defend yourself, self-preservation
Assumptions
1. State of Accumulating Power
------People want power
2. Fear of Death
---People fear death
12
In Hobbes, how does one escape state of nature?
Two natural passions enable people to escape the state of nature: fear and reason;
Fear makes natural man want to escape the state of nature;
reason shows him how to escape.
13
Machivell: State of nature
people are good - Citizens do not crave power
14
Hobbes Social Contract
---give up your right to do whatever you want, in exchange others agree to not as well ----
Hobbes concludes that there must be some common power, some sovereign authority, to force people to uphold the contract.
15
Hobbes; How does state derive its power?
--the Social contract
-Needs revenue
---Taxation
--------everyone should pay the same for protection of the sovereign
-------poor people need more protection; rich pay more in taxes
---------tax consumption, rich consume more so they pay more
==Assumes a Market Economy 1
16
Machiavelli; Outside State of Nature / Civil Society
All subject to the law; however there are costs and benefits of ruling; rulers want to remain in power, the nobles want to achieve power of oppression and the people don't like to be governed, the social contract in this sense is to intermingle the needs and wants of the rulers nobles and the people to be in coexistence with one another; "All under the government need to be subject to the rule of law."
17
Thomas Locke Background
1632- 1704
went to oxford
works in government in 1667
Leaves England to go to holland--returns 1688
---enters into argument with Thomas Hobbes
-sovereign is held by the people
On board of trade (colonies) in 1696
18
Rousseau background
1712-1778
Never knew mother-- father =watch maker
lost family house
1728 left Geneva
age 18; fell in love with widow
---she paid for him to think
---he had life of leisure
= became secretary to the French ambassador in Venice but was fired--> believed justice could never be accomplished in a system with so much inequality---had 5 kids with his mistress and sent them all to an orphanage
1755: Discourse on Inequality
1762: On Social Contract
Both concerned with Nature of inequality
19
Locke State of nature
Chaotic but not state of War…. Everyone is good but only a few bad apples;
---people are born free and equal, everyone is the police and judge;
---war is unneccesary because people can have whatever they want (problem=presupposes equality of access to resources)
20
Rousseau state of nature
Perfect liberty; basically happy; never existed
"man is born free, but he is everywhere in chains,"
21
Machiavelli Social Contract
all are subject to the law
22
Hobbes Social Contract
---give up your right to do whatever you want, in exchange others agree to not as well;
---Hobbes concludes that there must be some common power, some sovereign authority, to force people to uphold the contract.
---rule of law ensures everyone follows the social contract
23
Locke Social Contract
By entering into civil society, the individual submits him or herself to the majority, and agrees to abide by the rules and decisions of the majority.
24
Rousseau Social Contract
General Will= association that allows individual freedom, always right because it's an expression of "the truth" at the end of the process of ration inquiry; people lose and gain, but overall the social contract makes people happier
25
Machiavelli Sovereignty
Ruler is subject to the rule of law
26
Hobbes; Sovereignty
Sovereign has absolute power, is not subject to law or else society returns to warlike state of nature;
1) must be perpetual
2) needs to be strong
3) needs to keep the people happy
27
Locke; Sovereignty
Everyone in civil society is subject to the rule of law.
28
Rousseau; Sovereignty
NOT concentrated in one person, but rather lies in the people and their general will
29
Machiavelli; Government and State
Foundations of the state: combinations of good arms and good laws — good arms to protect laws and good laws to protect the people;`function is to preserve its existance and the power of the ruler
30
Hobbes: Government and State roles
State/sovereign must keep the people happy and people are happy if they have stuff, but this requires rules which requires that the state is strong which requires revenue--> taxation is part of the social contract1
31
Locke; Government / State
The purpose of government is to protect individual property and this requires laws
32
Rousseau; Government and state roles
--government= agent of the sovereign
---Law is the expression of the general will and individuals must objey them; executive power can't be with public, so they need an agent to enforce the laws;
33
Machiavelli: Rebellion and Justice
The state must preserve its own existence and the power of the ruler; Needs the support of the people to fight wars and prevent overthrow by the nobles, so keep the people happy
34
Hobbes: Rebellion and Justice
Sovereign must be strong to demonstrate power to people inside and outside of the state ---social contract gives up right to rebel because they give up such a right when they give up the right to govern themselves.
35
Locke; Rebellion and Justice
There needs to be laws to ensure the equal treatment of people and to protect property; no man is exempt from the law; government can be dissolved only when it is unjust or when a conquering force dissolves civil society
36
Rousseau; on Rebellion and Justice
When someone disagrees with the general will they can 1) leave 2) quietly accept the general will and work on ways to change it; censorship is acceptable to regulate what people express; censors= the people's mouthpiece, how society express its opinion
37
Machiavelli; on Property and Labor
People will be happy and not oppressed if they have stuff!
38
Hobbes; on property and labor
Property is not subject to the people but rather to the sovereign, to use property however way he chooses for the good of the people; as property and individual rights did not exist and any that were accepted could be revoked by the sovereign at any given time. -Property belongs to Sovereign
39
Locke; property and Labor
Labor Theory of Property= people own stuff because they've put labor into it--> creates inequality; property comes from human labor!; Social Dimension to Property= external recognition of ownership --------------------------------a person may only acquire as many things in this way as he or she can reasonably use to their advantage. —Locke Believed owning land improved quality of life
40
Rousseau; Property and Labor
Creation of private property created a new social order and a new kind of inequality; specialization of labor increases inequality because allows one group to separate itself from another; makes it harder to people to agree; changes natural equality and requires laws, but laws protect some more than others; specialization of labor results in leisure time, which should be used in a productive way that benefits everyone
41
Machiavelli; inequality
Laws need to be regularly administered; State should be involved in the market because free accumulation leads to problems of inequality--> involvement in the market makes the state indispensable
42
Hobbes; inequality
....
43
Locke; inequality
Inheritance is a double right--> freedom of person (natural right) and right before any other man to inherit with his brethren his father's goods (not a natural right)--> explains why inequality exists now but how was it created? LTP
44
Rousseau; inequality
Natural inequality= physical; laws enshrine inequality; private property is the origin of inequality; contrived inequality= created by private property; if we're not careful, inequality will progress and everyone will have nothing and it will be the rule of the strongest; General Will is his solution to inequality`
45
Smiths big idea
Critique of Mercantilism ; Atlantic colonialism and trade; create a reasonable amount of profit is ok but should be derived from land/labor; arguing for a more open market, but wouldn't support a market that harmed the consumers; argues for the removal of regulations that inhibit the sale of labor in a competitive marketplace because everyone is born with the ability to labor and should be able to sell it freely
46
Malthus big idea of population
Population increases geometrically and food supply increases arithmetically; law of diminishing returns (as you cultivate more land it gets less productive so you have to put in more work to get less out of it; technoloy is only temporarily helpful (any gains are canceled out by population increases; the vicious cycle can only be broken by preventative checks (late marriage, celibacy)
47
Ricardo big idea
Antagonism of class interests; value of labor.... Labor should now be measured in time not in labor. New Urbanization emerges
48
Smith view on land
Wealth is measured in land--> so merchants aren't creating wealth
49
Smiths view of labor
Labor adds value;
---division of labor increases dexterity, saves timeand increases productivity;
----Wages of Labor= degree to which people are paid for the labor they preform, increase as the wealth of a nation increases; really hates slavery because it's someone profitting from someone's else labor;
---Adam smith says no master would pay a worker less then subsistence wage because fellow feeling
50
Smith's view of property
Against monopolies; tax land so property is useful!; people sell their labor to buy stuff; money is just a standard bookeeping device
51
Smith's view of government
Critical of the government encouraging monopolies that don't benefit the consumer;
1) defense
2) justice/legal enforcement
3) public works
4) basic education;
-----critical of governement protective regulations that benefit merchants at the expense of the consumer and exacerbates inequality; doesn't like colonies, suck for everyone;
---revenue comes from taxes
52
Smiths other ideas d
Human Propensity-- Truck,Barter,Exchange -> you'll produce a better product so you can get a better product (fellow feeling);
Value in Use= how useful it is;
Exchange Value= what an object is worth in a specific market;
Real Price= labor expended by the person who acquired it;
Exchange Price= how much you can command for its sale; ------His whole model hinges on people having virtue and fellow-feeling (he's a moralist);
money represents exchangable value of labor at particular time in a particular place, all about abundance and scarcity affect price, market conditions determine price; no one would sell for less than real price and no one would buy it for less becase everyone is virtuous!; individual knows how much thier labor is worth and won't accept less
53
Malthus view of land
Law of Diminishing Returns= land is overworked, so it produces less and requires more labor
54
Malthus view of labor
create Workhouses for the poor, not asylums
55
Malthus; property
...
56
Malthus; Government/state
Malthus: don’t intervene to help the poor, let them die because ultimately that will reduce poverty
57
Malthus; other
Anti-welfare arguments come from Malthus;
1) primary resource=food (if food is scarce people will have fewer kids or die, return to equilibrium)
2) law of diminishing returns is unavoidable (cultivate more land, getting less and working harder)
3) technology could improve production temporarily (any gains canceled by demographic growth)
4) break the cycle via preventative checks
58
Ricardo; on land / property
----Landlords profit no matter what and are non-productive (they reduce people's profits which reduces innovation); grades of land graph, rent based on productivity and cost to produce;
---landlords can make it possible to work and not have subsistance;
---landlords control the government...
59
Ricardo; on labor
—Value of labor is measured in time not labor
—-People work longer and got less when paid by labor —-Wages and profits become inversely related
60
Ricardo; Government/ State
Controlled by landlords; Corn laws; their policies lead to starvation
61