Middle East Flashcards

Question

# Why objections to Partition Plan? Jews objected too

Answer 1

**Jerusalem would not be part of their country Concerned 400,000 Arabs would live in new Jewish state and own 80% of land** Some land in south would be worthless desert Some accepted plan because of international recognition

Answer 2

Jews determined to strengthen their position April 1948 Haganah launched Plan Dalet. Resulted in ethnic cleansing. - Caused around 300,000 Arabs to leave Palestine

Answer 3

Arab League formed 1945. Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria Felt Plan unfair Appalled at violence Feared what would happen if Britain left 15 May 1948 5 Arab armies (30,000 soldiers) from Jordan, Egypt, Lebanon, Syria & Iraq invaded Israel

Answer 4

Jews interpret as David v Goliath victory Not that simple Israel 35,000 troops, 5 field guns. 1in 3 troops had weapons Arab forces grew slowly but did not commit entire armies to war effort End of war Jews had 108,000 troops Israel helped by foreign volunteers. 2/3 Israeli airforce were US and UK pilots

Answer 5

11 June 1948 truce meant Israeli forces received arms from Czechs (ignoring the UN embargo) such as around 70 planes in total of Czechoslovakia Arab forces fewer weapons. Not able to buy more due to UN embargo

Answer 6

Haganah were well trained and used to fighting Arabs had poorer preparation. Best leader (Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni) killed just before war by Jewish patrol and others lost in 1930s Arab revolt Arab armies were divided and inexperienced Jordan had best army but only wanted West Bank. Once they got this they stopped fighting

Answer 7

2 truces crucial to Israel. They kept fighting before ceasefire had ended, taking Palestinians by surprise Attacks were coordinated No united Arab commander. King Abdullah of Jordan had overall control but often ignored Their orders to occupy Arab lands and not to attack lands given to Israel.

Answer 8

Israelis on home turf Arab league fighting a long way from home

Answer 9

Jews fighting for a homeland and preparing since April 1948 Arab League not interested in protecting Palestine Before 1948 elites of Palestine started leaving wich led to fewer left to lead forces, further demoralising the Palestinians that were left

Answer 10

1947 900,000 Arabs lived in region to become Israel 300,000 fled before war started 400,000 fled during the war 1949-52 40 Arab villages depopulated After the war most Palestinians (700,000) were in 54 refugee camps surrounding border areas of Israel 190,000 lived in Gaza Strip occupied by Egypt 7000 in Egypt 280,000 in West Bank 100,000 in Lebanon 70,000 in Jordan 75,000 in Syria 4,000 in Iraq 100,000 middle class Palestinians settled in Kuwait & US (not refugees)

Answer 11

UN Relief & Works Agency established Dec 1949 Provide food & basic services in refugee camps

Answer 12

160,000 attempts in 1953 mostly from Jordan to collect possessions or harvst crops

Answer 13

Refugee camps becoame training grounds for Fedayeen. Trained by Egyptian intelligence. Mainly operated from Jordan bases Played a major role in 1970s & 1980s Began attacking Israeli targets immediately. Reprisals followed (Qibya 1953 69 villagers killed)

Answer 14

**By 1949 only 160,000 Palestinians remained in Israel** Strict system on control until 1966 Anyone with military tendencies imprisoned or expelled Palestinians 'non-Jews'. **Jobs advertised for former soldiers. Only Jews do military services and without this could not get loans, mortgages etc** Absente Property Law - allow sale or rental of property belonging to refugees.Money went to Jewish National Fund

Answer 15

1950 Transjordan annexed West Bank and created Kingdom of Jordan Refugees could leave camps and get Jordanian citizenship. Only Arab country to do this Did not trust them so not allowed to be politically active or get top political jobs

Answer 16

Tight controls. Not allowed to enter Egypt Political activity curbed

Answer 17

Worried refugees would upset balance in country Quite repressive Confined to camps, banned from 40 different types of job Children denied access to Lebanese schools

Answer 18

Very few refugees Treated better Access to schools, skilled jobs and to set up businesses

Answer 19

From Partition Plan 1947 -Feb 1948 100,000 wealthy Palestinians fled. Deprived country of leadership and demoralised those left behind Deir Yassin Massacre in April 1948 killed 100. Caused many others to flee Plan Dalet - 300,000 Palestinians fled after 200 villages attacked Kfar massacre in Oct 1956 led to curfew and more to flee

Answer 20

Palestinians 'non-Jews' Jobs for former soldiers No military service no loans, mortgages etc Absentee Property Law - allowed sale and rental of property belonging to refugees. Money from sale went to Jewish National Fund

Answer 21

* Israel gained more land than allotted * 78% rather than 56% allocated in UN Partition Plan * Only land not under Israeli control is Gaza Strip & West Bank

Answer 22

* 6000 Jews killed in war * IDF formed in war - professional soldiers and all non-arab 18 year old men must serve 30 months (women 18 months). Only exceptions are Orthodox Jews * Whole Jerish population involved in defence of country * Military spending 23% of budget in 1952, 35% in 1953

Answer 23

* **Film Exodus 1960 generated sympathy and financial donations** * Rothschilds financed building of Jewish Parliament * Israel came to depend on contribuitons from US population and government * US withheld aid and arms when Israel attacked Arabs, eg. 1953 attack on Qibya

Answer 24

Arab League boycotted all trade with Israel and any foreign country that traded with Israel Equpt searched ships using Suez Canal & confiscated items purchased from Israeli port or bound for IDF 1951 Egypt made it hard for ships heading up Straits of Tiran. Did not stop Fedayeen raids from Gaza into Israel

Answer 25

Israel had 78% of land (rather than 56% allocated in UN Partition Plan) Jewish Agency set up camps for new settlers **1950 Law of Return/Absentee Property Law gave every Jew right to return to Israel**

Answer 26

Creation of Israel led to more persection of Jews elsewhere 136,000 came from Europe (refugee camps) 270,000 Eastern Europe 1949-50 Britain & US airlifted 47,000 Jews from Yemen after anti-Semitic riots (Operation Magic Carpet) 1950-51 Iraq expelled all Jews

Answer 27

* Playboy and a lavish lifestyle * Egypt in dire poverty. Government was incompetent * Did nothing to remove British from Egypt. Still 80,000 British troops guarding Suez Canal but independent since 1936

Answer 28

* King Farouk blamed for loss of war in 1948 * Troops not prepared, faulty weapons * New leader Colonel Gamal Abdul Nasser, made army stronger. Bought arms from Czechs - 300 tanks & 200 fighter planes

Answer 29

Nasser wanted to redistribute the wealth by giving land to peasants and to build schools and hospitals Dam the River Nile at Aswan to control flooding and provide hydroelectric power Had finance deal with US and Britain but when bought weapons from Eastern Europe they pulled out Tolls from Suez Canal very profitable but going to British So to nationalise the Canal would mean Egypt could claim the tolls

Answer 30

Nasser wanted to be leading voice in Arab League. Suez Canal partly owned by foreign shareholders 1948-9 war humiliated Egypt and other Arab nations. Wanted to overturn this

Answer 31

* Had removed King Farouk in 1952 * Had asked British to leave Suez Canal in 1954 * Supported Algerian nationalists fighting the French * Allowed border attacks by Fedayeen

Answer 32

* Nasser nationlised Suez Canal to collect tolls to rebuild economy and build Aswan Dam * Was legal but caused protest * Israel, France & Brtitain decided to bring him down * Blow to British prestige and would lose toll money from the Canal * They met at Sevres in Oct 1956. * PM Eden thought Nasser was a dictator. At Sevres they decided to provoke a crisis by attacking Egypt both from air and through Sinai desert - the Sevres Protocol

Answer 33

* France & Britain ignored UN charter * US put resolution to Security Council of UN calling for Israel to withdraw forces on 2 Nov * Britian and France vetoed it and put pressure on Israel to continue * Emergency resolution proposed to stop conflict. Passed 64: 5 * Embarrassing defeat * Brtish and French troops evacuated

Answer 34

* US did not want to be seen as approving attack on independent country by countries with large empires * Feared it would look like old style imperialist invasion and USSR would exploit the situation * Britain dependent on Middle East oil that had been cut off by Suez blockade. * Only other source of oil from US. Eisenhower said would provide oil if Britain withdrew * US put economic pressure on Britain and pound fell.

Answer 35

Britain - 16 France - 10 Israel - 170 Egypt - 2,000

Answer 36

* 1957 Eisenhower Doctrine - US aid to any country in Middle East threatened by communism * USSR increased involvement in Egypt and sent military advisers * By 1970 20,000 troops & military aid worth $12billion sent to Egypt and other Arab countries by USSR

Answer 37

* Massive blow to Britain & France * All assets seized, property attacked and destroyed * US relations with Britain and France suffered * Both governments fell within 12 months * Accused by Arab world of using 'gunboat diplomacy'

Answer 38

* Massive boost to Nasser * In 1958 invited by Syria to merge countries (United Arab Republic) with Nasser as first president. Collapsed in 1961 but shows a measure of Nasser's success * Had complete control of Suez Canal * USSR paid for Dam and helped rebuild army * Nasser determined to seek revenge for military defeat. War began again in 1967 * Jews in Egypt had hard time - businesses seized, banned from working as doctors, teachers and lawyers. Many fled to Israel

Answer 39

* Had right to navigate the Straits of Tiran and import oil through Eilat thanks to peacekeepers. However, Canal was blocked * Fedayeen bases in Sinai were destroyed & border raids stopped * IDF showed it could beat Arab state

Answer 40

Suez attack made Palestinians vulnerable. Movement arose to train Fedayeen for terrorist activity beyond Israel, starting with El Fatah in 1959. They attacked Israelis from Gaza until 1965 when Syria allowed them to open training camps.

Answer 41

* 1964 PLO founded to give Palestinians a government in exile * To represent them in Arab League * Had destruction of Israel as part of its charter * Main aim to give Palestinians a homeland * Leader was Arafat

Answer 42

* PLO set up Palestinian Liberation Army so Palestinians could join army of their own * Only had 12,000 soldiers * Arab Headwater Diversion Plan 1965 - canal in Syria to divert water from Israel. * Israel retailiated with air strikes * Samu raid of 1966 - Israel attacked Jordanian troops * Israeli PM Eshkol criticised, he became more cautious * More border attacks and Headwater Plan radicalised the government. * Moshe Dayan appointed Defence Minister - sign Israel intended pre-emptive strike

Answer 43

* By 1960s Nasser looked weak. * 1961 United Arab Republic fell apart * 1962 Egypt involved civil war with Yemen that went badly wrong * 1964 Cairo Conference Nasser tried to re-assert leadership over Arab nations * Headwater Diversion Plan - Syria & Lebanon divert 2 of 3 sources of Jordan River to prevent flowing into Sea of Galilee. Aim to stop Israel channelling fresh water to new settlements in Negev Desert * If plan failed Arab states prepare for war * Mid 1960s Arab leaders critical of Nasser * May 1967 Nasser orders UN troops to leave. Closes Gulf of Aqaba and blockades Eilat * May have prompted Israel to think Egypt will attack

Answer 44

* Feb 1966 new Gov seized power that threatened Egypt leadership * Allowed guerilla attacks on Israel - provided funds, weapons etc * April 1967 clashes with Israeli airforces. 6 Syrian jets shot down * By May 1967 thought Israel might respond * Nasser warned by USSR that Israeli attack on Syria imminent but no evidence this was true. * Nasser signs defence pact with Syria

Answer 45

* Got involved to challenge US inflence over Israel * Deployed more ships in area * Gave Egypt right to use naval and air bases * May 1967 warned Syria that Israel planning attack. This was not true * May have enouraged Egypts's more military actions * May have prompted Israel to become more war-like

Answer 46

* Israel depended on the US * Nasser may have believed relationship between Israel and US had broken down - UN & US criticised Samu raid into Jordan by IDF * However US strongly believed Cold War being fought in Middle East * Abba Eban to Washington 1967. Dean Rusk (Secretary of State) said US not restrict anybody's actions - tactic approval for Israel to strike if they wished

Answer 47

**Israel** - best equipped troops, advanced air power & advanced US electronic equipment to intercept Arab comms. 46 aircraft destroyed **Arab** - greater losses, 100s tanks and 452+ aircraft

Answer 48

**Israel** - after 1956 army overhauled. 300,000 into field. Compared with 180,000 from Egypt, Syria & Jordan Suffered fewer losses .900 dead + 4,500 captured or wounded **Arab**. Egypt 15,000 dead. Jordan - 6,000 dead Syria 2,500 dead . 5,500 captured or wounded

Answer 49

**Israel** - Had detailed intelligence on Egyptian airforce. Led to successful pre-emptive strike. Israel lost 26 aircraft v Egypt 400 **Arab** - failed to coordinate attacks properly. Lack of unity dhown by Jordan signing separate truce on 6 June

Answer 50

* Egypt refused to let Israel use the Canal so Israel refused to let Egypt clear the ships. Canal unusable. * Israel attacked bridges, electricity plants, oil refineries, cities etc. * All combined to hurt the economy

Answer 51

* USSR rearmed Nasser * Within 1 year Egypt bombarding and raiding Israel positions on Sinai side of canal * Israel built Bar Lev Line - 150km long wall. Cost $300m

Answer 52

USSR re-armed Egypt. Sent fighter plans and SAMS plus 20,000 troops to build 80 missile bases US supported Israel wth weapons & aid. Helped organise ceasefire in 1970

Answer 53

UN Resolution 242 Nov 1967 - Land for Peace Israel should withdraw from conquered territories Arab States must recognise right of Israel to exist A just settlement for refugee problem Palestinians rejected it. Egypt and Jordan agreed but this changed in Aug 1967 when Arab leaders met in Khartoum. They responded with 3 notes No peace with Israel No recognition of Israel No negotiations with Israel

Answer 54

1967 War made Palestinian even worse 350,000 refugees left West Bank & Gaza Strip 300,000 fled to Jordan where new camps had to be set up. Such as Baqa'a - 26,000 people in 5,000 tents. No running water or sewerage and not allowed to move out

Answer 55

1967 turning point for PLO Syria, Egypt & Jordan weakened by war but were main source of funding for PLO New Syrian government allowed them to set up training camps Although Egypt & Jordan favoured creation of Palestinian state, they would not grant sovereignty to Palestinian people

Answer 56

**In 1969 Arafat took over Fatah & PLO Organised guerilla raids into Israel** Other groups formed - Black September - **attack on Israeli athletes at Munich Olympics**

Answer 57

US not interested in helping Palestinians until after end of Cold War Israel - anti-Communist so need to keep them happy Palestinians adopt terrorism because no one listens but no one will listen properly until they drop terrorism UN referred to them as 'refugee problem' - found insulting

Answer 58

**Israel**- Wailing Wall & Temple Mount holiest sites for Jews **Arabs** - Dome of the Rock & Al Aqsa Mosque holy sites for Muslims After 1967 some Arabic houses in front of Wailing War demolished to make way for Jewish prayer area. 650 inhabitants paid some compensation and evicted. Happened in other Arab neighbourhoods

Answer 59

**Israel** - Buffer zone between itself & Jordan. Fertile land. Part of Promised Land **Arabs** - home to 600,000 Palestinians. Jordan annexed West Bank and believed it belong to them In Jordan Valley 100,000 Palestinians driven from homes and 27 Jewish settlements established. Palestinians given right to govern themselves and allowed to work in Israel if had permits but under military control

Answer 60

**Israel** - can clamp down on Fedayeen raids from refugee camps here **Arabs** - home to 350,000 people , mostly Palestinians. Egypt occupied Gaza since 1948 but allowed some Palestinian self governing Palestinians had right to govern themselves and work in Israel with permits. Living under military control with road blacks, check points etc. Anyone a threat arrested, homes demolished and deported

Answer 61

**Israel** - buffer zone between itself & Egypt. Trade through Straits of Tiran safe and Sinai's oil is useful **Arabs** - Sinai belongs to Egypt, only oil supply. Suez Canal blocked by sunken ships during fighting and Israel refused to moved them. Hurt Egypt's finances Israel built Bar Lev Line along their side of Suez. 150km long, wall of sand and concreted. Cost $300m

Answer 62

**Israel** - Syria no longer able to fire on Israeli farms in Galilee. Fertile land here valuable **Arabs** - Israel can fire on Syrian towns, including Damascus Golan Hieghts home to 100,000 Syrians. Fertile land valuable Defences built up here to prevent attack from Syria. Deep bunkers dug 100,000 Syrians who fled in war were not allowed to return. Israeli farming settlements set up on fertile soil. Ski resort opened on Mt Hebron

Answer 63

* Sadat wanted peace so Egypt could rebuild * War of Attrition had destroyed homes and the army was too large and expensive * Sadat wanted Israel out of Sinai so he could reopen Suez Canal * Losing tolls and taxes from shipping * Feb 1971 Sadat made speech. Ready to make peace with Israel in return for withdrawal from Sinai

Answer 64

* Israel do no deals * Did not trust Sadat * Moshe Dayan (Defence Minister) felt Israel stronger if held onto land and regarded the Suez Canal as part of permanent border of Israel

Answer 65

Sadat disillusioned with alliance with USSR Nasser had SAMs close to Canal. Provoked Israel further July 1972 Sadat expelled Soviet advisers and took over the Soviet millitary equipment Tried to negotiate with US Failed because US didn't want to go against Israel Nixon Doctrine

Answer 66

In 1971, Syria, Egypt, and Libya formed an alliance. In 1973, Egypt and Syria joined forces and had joint command of their armies. Saudi Arabia restricted oil production to pressure other countries. Syria and Egypt improved relations with Jordan, and Syria received support from the USSR in case of war.

Answer 67

Israel continued fortifying Sinai - Bar Lev Line ($300 million), deep bunkers surrounded by minefields Defences also built up in Golan Heights Behind these defences, the Israelis felt safe and thought an attack was unlikely

Answer 68

Israelis building settlements in land taken after 1967 war Demolished Palestinian schools, had curfews, imprisioned anyone suspected of being anti-Israeli without trial Military bases built in Sinai and Golan Heights Secret expulsion of 1,500 Bedouin families from Sinai seen as affront to Egypt

Answer 69

Surprise. Plan was to invade on Yom Kippur (Jewish holiday). Everything closed and most people at synagogue. Soldiers on leave. Took 72 hours for Israel to fully mobilise V swift attack with infantry following artillery attacks

Answer 70

* Arab forces received aid from USSR. Better trained troops. * On Golan Heights Israelis only had 400 troops. Syria attacked with 60,000 * Eqyptian army had SAMs. Based on west side of Suez, acting as shield for Egyptian land forces. * Israelis had fewer tanks - 157 v 1,100 Syrian tanks * In first few days Israelis lost 50 aircraft and 100s of tanks

Answer 71

Iraq transferred squadron of jet fighter planes to Egypt a few months before war began. Saudi & Kuwait financed war from Arab side - 3,000 Saudis fought in war Libya provided French-built Mirage fighters and 1971-3

Answer 72

Originally Egypt aimed to occupy 15 miles of Sinai and force Israel to negotiate. However, against advice of generals, Sadat ordered troops to invade further. Made them vulnerable to air strikes

Answer 73

Syrian front collapsed quickly. In 4 days Israel was into Syria. Assad appealed to Egypt to step up attack on Sinai to relieve pressure on Syria. This meant Israel could concentrate on Egyptian front

Answer 74

US airlifted arms to help Israel 55,000 tonnes/$2bn Israel exploited a gap in middle of Egyptian troops in Sinai Israeli tanks superior to Syrians in Golan Heights. Israelis now close to Damascus

Answer 75

USSR proposed military intervention. USA rejected this. Looked like the two might fight each other. USA on high alert Decided they would both support a UN ceasefire USA began to see the need for peace Harmed relations with USSR and brought up oil issue

Answer 76

Other Arab states put pressure on US to stop Israel. OPEC announced 5% reduction in oil every month until Israel withdrew from occupied territories Europe depended on Middle East for 85% of oil News of US airlift to Israel led to Saudi cutting off oil supplies to US and other nations that had helped - Denmark & Netherlands Prices rose $2 a barrel to $12. Lasted until March 1974

Answer 77

Israel - 2,600 dead, 6,000 wounded, lost 250 tanks **FAILURE**

Answer 78

1973 Israel made some gains in Golan Heights, west bank of Suez Canal and into Syria. Also occupied a part of Egypt. **SUCCESS** Israel lost territory on east side of Suez Canal to Egypt. **FAILURE**

Answer 79

Loss of confidence Losses convinced Israeli politicans would have to be peace negotiations in future. Right wing criticised government handling Golda Meir (PM) resigned April 1974, blamed for Israel's lack of readiness. Rabin took over **FAILURE**

Answer 80

**FAILURE** Egypt & Syria - 13,000 dead and 1,850 tanks lost

Answer 81

**FAILURE** Suez Canal still unusable. Golan Heights in Israeli control

Answer 82

**SUCCESS** Over-running Bar Lev Line a massive achievement Egypt & Arab States only lost because Israel had US support Arab pride in military power restored Syria gained some respect for briefly overcoming Israeli forces and coordination of attack with Egypt Sadat hero in Arab world and made US reconsider its policies towards Arab states

Answer 83

**FAILURE** No gains. World lost focus on them

Answer 84

Jews attacking Britain to force them out of country Examples: Assassination of Lord Moyne 1944 King David Hotel 1946 Mostly official targets **IMPACT** Partly influences Britain to leave in 1947 but other reasons too, such as financial pressures

Answer 85

Palestinians attacking Israel. First from bases in Egypt, then in Syria after Suez Crisis. Targets are military but could attack civilians too Examples: Fedayeen border raids. After 1959 Fatah involved and more organised Young Palestinians trained and attacked Israeli targets 1966 Samu raid - Israeli patrol drove over landmine near Israeli-Jordan border. Fatah suspected **IMPACT** Part of reason for Suez Crisis. Israelis wanted to take over Sinai and clear out Fedayeen bases In 1967 the attacks were an irritant (mostly coming from Syria now) but not the main cause of the war

Answer 86

More likely to be civilian (passengers on aircraft, ships, athletes etc) Examples New groups formed PFLP, Black September. Dawson airfield hijacking Became a lot more violent Munich Olympics Raid on Entebbe Airport 1974 Achille Lauro incident 1985 - took over a ship and killed Israeli passenger **IMPACT** Probably did not have an impact on the peace process. Munich was condemned internationally and led to more sympathy for Israel. Israel entered peace process because of US pressure. Arafat accused of being terrorist

Answer 87

War made oil crucial in global politics. Embargo on US and reduced shipments to the West led to rising oil prices. West faced a severe recession. Closure of the canal caused significant financial losses in shipping and exports. Closure cost $8bn in shipping costs

Answer 88

Almost led to confrontation between US & USSR. Another war had to be avoided Perhaps Egypt & Syria could be encouraged away from USSR's side in Cold War Sadat desperate to open Suez and couldn't do so with hostile Israeli troops stopping the canal being cleared Egyptian economy suffering. Tolls worth $220m

Answer 89

Sinai I Accord Kissinger brokered deal Jan 1974 Israel agreed to withdraw from western Sinai Peninsula. DMZ set up with UN peacekeeping force. Work could begin to reopen Suez Further disengagement 1975 POW exchange

Answer 90

May 1974 Syria & Israel agreed to withdraw from part of Golan Heights Syria gained back areas occupied by Israel in 1973 UN peacekeeping force to patrol DMZ POW exchange

Answer 91

1975 Canal opened 8 years after war closed it. 10,000 shells removed **PROBLEMS** No deal made on refugees Israel continued to occupy West Bank, Gaza, much of Sinai & Golan Heights No deal made with Palestinians. In 1974 Yasser Arafat made sole representative of Palestinians and in Nov 1974 asked by UN to explain their demands

Answer 92

UN resolution passed 22 Oct 1973 All parties to implement Resolution 242 Resolution 242 - Israel withdraw from all conquered territories and all involved should renounce war and recognise right of countries to live in peace) 1974 Israel - Egypt Disengagement Treaty There had been some movement over the occupied territory and some withdrawal from Sinai

Answer 93

In 1977, Menachem Begin became Israel's leader after 30 years in opposition. He aimed to build more settlements in occupied territories and strike a deal with Egypt to retain the West Bank. Begin sought a peace agreement with Egypt so the IDF to concentrate on the PLO threat. A peace rally in April 1978 indicated some support for peace. Israel faced ongoing war threats from Egypt and Syria.

Answer 94

Both Superpowers accepted needed a solution After 1973 oil was a weapon in the war against Israel 1977 President Carter ended shuttle diplomacy. Sent Cyrus Vance with proposal: Phased withdrawal by Israel from occupied territories. In return PLO have to accept Israel's right to existence and respect sovereignty

Answer 95

Sadat moved away from USSR towards US. He got economic aid and military support from US Frequent wars, arming border was expensive. Food riots in 1977 In 1977 Sadat made speech to parliament outlining key points for peace

Answer 96

Israel return Sinai to Egypt within 3 years and close settlements to Jews there Egypt make peace with Israel Israeli ships allowed in Suez and Straits of Tiran Egypt receive $1bn a year for 10 yrs from US Israel receive $3bn loan from US to help pay to dismantle bases in Sinai

Answer 97

Israel accept legitimate rights of Palestine After 5 years Palestinians would have self-rule in West Bank & Gaza Israeli troops gradually withdraw from these areas

Answer 98

SUCCESS Ended 30 yrs of conflict between Eqypt & Israel Egypt first Arab nation to recognise Israel Egypt's relationship with US more secure Nobel Peace Prize for Sadat FAILURE Egypt lost leadership of Arab world to Gaddaffi. Sadat unfavourably compared to Nasser Egypt accused of being selfish by other Arab nations Only 3 of 22 supported Sadat. Jordan neutral. Syria & Libya denounced agreement Sadat assassinated 1981

Answer 99

SUCCESS Israel more secure No longer war on 2 fronts Syria not much of a threat Nobel Peace Prize FAILURE In Israel some were critical of Begin because he had compromised too much Took Begin 7 hrs to convince Knesset to back the agreement 3,000 Israeli settlers in the Sinai objected to being moved and defied evacuation. IDF forced to evict them.

Answer 100

FAILURE PLO unhappy Claims of Palestinians been forgotten Jerusalem & Golan Heights not mentioned Begin began to increase settlements in West Bank Hopes for Palestinian sovereignty were dashed

Answer 101

Both agreed to recognise each states' rights to live in peace and respect each other's borders Israel to withdraw fully from Sinai Egypt allowed Israeli ships to use Suez & Straits of Tiran Egypt recognised Straits of Tiran & Gulf of Aqaba as international waterways

Answer 102

Lebanon: Divided by religion, politics. 1970s: 5% Druze, 40% Christian, 55% Muslim. Muslims split: Sunnis supported by Arabs, Shi'ites by Iran. Christians backed by Europe, US. Unstable power-sharing govt. Palestinian influx: 10% pop, 400k in camps. Non-Sunnis felt endangered.

Answer 103

After 1971 PLO based in Lebanon. Established schools & health clinics Became powerful political influence. Used Lebanon as base for attacks on Israel. Established training camps Lebanese Gov unable to deal with PLO With every PLO attack came harsh Israeli reprisals for Lebanon

Answer 104

Early 1970s Lebanese Christians set up paramilitary force to destroy PLO intruders. In response Lebanese Muslims & Druze joined with PLO Civil War started in 1975 mostly between Christians & Muslims PLO involved on side of poorer Shia Muslims

Answer 105

Syria involved on side of Christians. 40,000 occupying troops in north Israel supported Christians with weapons PLO remained strong in south so Israeli attacks continued

Answer 106

March 1978 PLO planned to seize luxury hotel in Tel Aviv. Their plan was to take tourists hostage in exchange for Palestinian prisoners and to wreck Israeli-Egyptian peace talks. In shootout 38 Israeli civilians killed, worst killing on Israeli soil

Answer 107

Israel invaded 14 March 1978 with 26,000 troops. 1,100 Palestinian and Lebanese killed PLO forces were pushed back to create buffer zone Israel pressured by US to withdraw as threat to peace talks Did not achieve objective as PLO moved north

Answer 108

UN established ceasefire. Peacetalks faltered because of Palestinians Rejectionists who carried on fighting Farms and settlements in Galilee under threat again Raids increasing. By 1981 PLO & Israel effectively at war Israel desperate to create buffer zone. PLO had heavy weapons from USSR, including long range missiles

Answer 109

June 1981 Israel invaded again because its UK ambassador was nearly assassinated The attackers were not from PLO

Answer 110

Israel sent 70,000 troops, 800 tanks & 350 fighters Forces did well. Surrounded Beirut to smoke out PLO Syrian forces attacked from east of Lebanon Israelis destroyed Syrian missile bases, shot down 100 Syrian jets August multinational force from US, France & Italy supervised evacuation of 11,500 Palestinians fighters by ship from Beirut. Most (including Arafat) went to Tunisia. New PLO HQ in Tunis Galilee towns and farms free from PLO raids

Answer 111

Attacks on Beirut condemned because of high casualty rate and use of white phosphorus shells 20,000 Lebanese died After evaculation of PLO Israel allowed Phalange Party into Palesinians refugee camps of Sabra & Shatila to root out PLO. 3,500 people brutally murdered in retaliation for car bomb that killed Bashir Gemael Ariel Sharon resigned ovefr the Sabra & Shatila massacres

Answer 112

Hezbollah more militant than PLO founded during civil war Aim to force Israel to leave Lebanon. When Israel did leave in 1985 they continued fighting over occupation of sm strip of Lebanon

Answer 113

International communitiy did not recognise Israeli sovereignty over territories captured in 6 Day War Israel kept building in Golan Heights, West Bank & Jerusalem 1993 120,000 settlements in West Bank, 5,000 in Gaza, 13,000 in Golan Heights & 150,000 in Jerusalem Annoyed Palestinians who had no homeland

Answer 114

Life in occupied territories was harsh No made citizens. Military rule. Curfew, roadblocks, high unemployment and overcrowding in camps Only unskilled jobs Pay Israeli taxes, no right to vote

Answer 115

PLO moved out of Lebanon after 1987. Now scattered with HQ in Tunis Young Palestinians were more educated and politically aware. Tired of living in camps Influenced by Hezbollah and Iran revolution of 1979

Answer 116

Dec 1987 4 Palestinians killed by Israeli truck near checkpoint in Gaza City. Demonstrations at the funerals. At one, Israeli soldier shot young Palestinians Further demonstrations sparked Intifada - uprising against occupation

Answer 117

POSITIVE Won international sympathy Boycotted taxes, refused to carry ID cards Not that violent but got violent response Scale was huge In 6 months of 1988 42,000 acts of hostility compared with 3,000 in 1987 Helped create sense of unity & empowerment NEGATIVE 1,200 Palestinians killed, 120,000 wounded 27,000 children needed medical treatment in first 2 yrs of clashes (1/3 under 10) Many killed by their own side if found to be collaborators Businesses collapsed because of strikes, curfew & olive groves destroyed by attacks. Trade fell 80%. Unemployment rose 50%

Answer 118

POSITIVE Nothing NEGATIVE Early protests were spontaneous Later ones organised by United Leadership of the Uprising (UNLU) Coordinated boycotts and provided medical care and food to sustain people Hamas founded in Gaza in 1987 Hamas rejected all peace talks and claimed PLO didn't represent Palestinians 1992 open clashes between PLO & Hamas PLO began to reconsider position Nov 1988 Arafat announced PLO renouncing violence. Proposed 2 state solution

Answer 119

POSITIVE Political opinion in Israel began to shift Question wisdom of controlling occupied territories NEGATIVE Used curfews, tear gas, rubber bullets and live ammunition Schools and colleges closed 2 yrs as seen as centres of Palestinians resistance Arms and fingers of children who threw stones were broken

Answer 120

US and Arab states cooperated in war. US in stronger position to act as peace negotiator. Pushed for solution or financial support might be withdrawn PM Yitzhak Shamir said wanted to drag out peace talks for 10 yrs. He lost 1992 election

Answer 121

Israel emerged with improved reputation Iraq fired on Israel but Israel did not retaliate. US appreciated the restraint Only after 1992 election would new PM be willing to make a deal Previous PM Yizhak Shamir wanted to drag peace talks out for 10 yrs

Answer 122

**PLO reputation damaged as Arafat supported Iraq. Made Saudis & Kuwaits furious so withdrew financial support** PLO closed offices around the World **Summer 1991 PLO discredited and bankrupt Had no bargaining power left over Israel**

Answer 123

US needed Israel far less now Soviet Union had collapsed US could now use threats against Israel to push towards a deal New waves of immigration meant Israel needed aid more than ever

Answer 124

Deal established Palestinan Authority that gave Palestinians control over daily lives in Gaza & West Bank Palestinian Rule for 5 yr interim period - no later than May 1996 Israeli troops withdrawn from Gaza from other parts but not all of West Bank After 5 yrs final settlement to be discussed

Answer 125

Division of West Bank into areas so splitting Palestinians into enclaves and banning them from 60% of West Bank Area A controlled by PNA - 3% of West Bank. No Israelis allowed Area B under joint Palestinian civil control & Israeli military control - 25% of West Bank. No Israeli settlements and forces gradually withdraw Area C controlled by Israel - 110,000 Jewish settlers. Gradually handed over to Palestinians Redeployment of Israeli troops from Area A to other areas Palestinian Police Force replace Israeli troops in Area A Idea of safe passage between Gaza and West Bank but Israel retained right for security checkpoints and limit numbers etc This was start of negotiations to be concluded before 4 May 1999

Answer 126

After 1967 war Egyptians and Syrians forced PLO out Left to set up bases in Jordan and some activities from Lebanon After 1967 Fatah and PLO became closer. Arafat led PLO from 1969. Now proper voice for Palestinians Recruit many new members after Six Day War, better armed. Continued to launch raids that many condemned as acts of terrorism

Answer 127

After series of Fatah raids into Israel, IDF raided Fatah HQ and key PLO bases in Jordan. Was a risky move. They sent 15,000 troops. After heavy fighting Israelis won but condemned internationally. Boost to Fatah membership as 5000 joined in 2 days. Led to more attacks - 2,000 in 1969. Stengthened reputation of Yasser Arafat. Made chair of PLO in 1969

Answer 128

Jordan less impressed with PLO. After 1967 King of Jordan tried to moderate activities of PLO that led to a civil war in Jordan in 1970 Palestinians tried to remove the King After Palestinian organisation called Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine hijacked Israeli aircraft, King allowed miliatary to clear out Fedayeen from Jordan in Sep 1970 Fierce fighting. Known as Black September. Syria intervened and looked like Israel would back Syria. Nasser acted as peacemaker but died shortly after crisis PLO moved to Syria & Lebanon, where they eventually caused another civil war

Answer 129

Events since 1973 & Lebanese civil war made sections of PLO more moderate Hinted ready to consider mini-state for Palestinians consisting of Gaza & West Bank where most inhabitants were Palestinian Arab summit Oct 1974 accepted PLO as sole and legitimate representation of Palestinian people UN passed Resolution 3236

Answer 130

Arafat invited to UN for first time Wore freedom fighter fatigues. Said he would be willing to negotiate Many PLO members did not agree with new approach Palestine given observer status by UN

Answer 131

Suggested could be self-government for Palestinians in Gaza & West Bank For PLO this was not enough. Showed peace terms could be constructed without their input US would not talk to them

Answer 132

PLO moved out of Beirut in 1982 by international force to stop Israel attacking the city PLO HQ moved to Tunis, some went to Yemen and other Arab states so power diminished Hezbollah formed in Lebanese civil war. More prominent and militant

Answer 133

Hamas founded in 1987, Blow to PLO Hamas claimed PLO didn't represent Palestinians. PLO worried Hamas would take over so they did a deal with them.

Answer 134

Arafat could now propose West Bank be part of new Palestinian state

Answer 135

Nov 1988 Arafat announced PLO recognised existence of Israel and accept two state solution Palestinian state have Jeruslem as capital Dec 1988 Arafat renounced all terrorism and called for Israeli withdrawal from all occupied territories US agreed to open negotiations. Soon 70 countries recognised Palestine. Further violence by off-shoots of PLO put off further moves to more negotiation

Answer 136

**Rabin assassinated in 1995 by Israeli who opposed peace process** Hamas opposed peace process and pledged to destroy Israel Hamas began suicide bombings in 1994 More Israeli settlements led to ordinary Palestinians becoming more militant. **Second Intifada developed**

Answer 137

Police force of around 24,000 to provide security and combat terrorism Expanded far beyond limits set by Oslo II and acquired weapons Israelis claimed police had carried out terrorist actions and 150 were members of extremist groups

Answer 138

Israeli withdrawal from Palestinian towns happened v slowly and settlements kept being built Curfews to seal borders and stop suicide bombers Led to unemployment and hardship for Palestinians

Answer 139

Netanyahu pledged: Never give up Golan Heights Build more settlements in West Bank Never discuss Jerusalem Netanyahu built more homes in West Bank, cleared Arab homes in East Jerusalem, Blocked Oslo II for months so Israel did not have to pull out of Hebron Opened tourist tunnel near Al Aqsa Mosque in Jersualem. Violence followed. March 1997 announced plans for massive expansion in East Jerusalem. Hamas responded with suicide bomb attack

Answer 140

CHANGE 1974 Disengagement Treaty Israel began withdrawal from Western part of Sinai. Egypt got oilfields of Sinai and open Canal Syria & Egypt agree not to use force against Israel 1975 Disengagement Treaty Israel to withdraw from parts of Golan Heights to give back land Syria lost in 1973 NO CHANGE OR LIMITED CHANGE No agreement with Syria over the use of force

Answer 141

CHANGE Israel returned Sinai to Egypt - back to 1967 borders Israel & Egypt agree to talk about West Bank & Gaza Israel allowed to use Suez and Straits of Tiran Jewish settlements in Sinai closed NO CHANGE/LIMITED CHANGE Some felt Egypt selling out. Sadat assassinated Israel involved with Lebanese Civil War so only changed relationship with small part of Arab world No deals made over West Bank, most of Golan Heights or Gaza Settlements built on West Bank and Palestinian homes destroyed in Jerusalem Israel had to be pushed into making terms Intifada 1987 showed poor relationship

Answer 142

CHANGE Jordan gives up claims to West Bank so Israel & Jordan can live peacefully Makes it easier to make deal with Palestinians over West Bank in 1995 NO CHANGE/LIMITED CHANGE Does improve relationship with Jordan but this has never been bad. Jordan kicked out PLO in 1970 & not engaged with Israel in 1973

Answer 143

CHANGE 1993 Palestinian Authority given control over daily life in Gaza & West Bank for 5 yrs Palestinian police force created but Jewish army remained PLO move to Gaza in 1994 1995 Oslo II divided West Bank into enclaves and banned Palestinians from 60% of area NO CHANGE/ LIMITED CHANGE No deal on Golan Heights Israel continues to build in West Bank. Curfews Hamas are violent. Relationship with Palestinians does not improve. Second Intifada in 2000

Answer 144

SEE IMPACT OF OSLO Success for Oslo depended on good will from both sides Terrorist attacks continued so Israelis established road blocks between Gaza & West Bank Continued building in West Bank No economic development in Palestinian areas By 2000 peace talks in US collapsed

Answer 145

Sharon, head of Likud, visited Temple Mount and declared it as the heart of the Jewish city that would belong to Israel. His statement led to Palestinian demonstrations, which escalated into riots the following day. The situation worsened with a general strike and a day of mourning following the killing of a young boy, marking a significant atrocity in the ongoing conflict.

Answer 146

Sharon became PM in Feb 2001, adopting a hard-line approach. Israel responded forcefully to the 2000 riots, using significant firepower. Operation Defensive Shield resulted in the occupation of major Palestinian cities, with curfews, arrests, and 500 killed

Answer 147

Many inspired by Hezbollah guerilla campaign that had forced Israel out of Lebanon in 2000 After 9/11 wave of Jihadism swept the world. Palestinians inspired by Bin Laden Weapons sent to Palestinians from abroad, including Iran that funded Islamic Jihad Jihad - striving or struggling esp with a praiseworthy aim

Answer 148

Many more armed Palestinian groups including PFLP, Islamic Jihad, Hamas Arafat not in as much control as before. Less incentive to control violence

Answer 149

Most cut into Palestinian territory Annexed ≃10% of total area of West Bank to Israeli side of border Supported by International Court of Justice Prevented economic development by restricting movement of Palestinians. Fence 708km long and 60 m exclusion zone

Answer 150

Created new borders Called Separation Wall or West Bank Barrier by Israelis Called Apartheid Wall by Palestinians Fortified with high fences, barbed wire, guard posts. Built in area where Israelis & Palestinians lived closely together Rapidly associated with future political border

Answer 151

CASUALTIES 5,000 killed Thousands injured & arrested ECONOMIC IMPACT Before Intifada 10% unemployed. By 2005 rose to 25% Tourism collapsed. 92,000 per year in 2002 down to 7,500 in 2004 60% of Palestinians in poverty by 2005 Damage done to Palestinian economy over $1.1 billion in first quarter of 2002 5,000 homes destroyed and thousands more too damaged to live in Ramallah 5% homeless INTERNATIONAL Sympathy but condemnation of suicide bombings

Answer 152

CASUALTIES 1,063 died 8,000 wounded ECONOMIC IMPACT Tourism collapsed. Cost of military harmed economy 2005 10% of Israelis unemployed & 30% lived in poverty Cumulative economic damage $35-45 billion INTERNATIONAL Harsh tactics and refusal to follow international law strongly criticised. Drew attention to plight of Palestinians

Answer 153

International shock at violence of Second Intifada US elimination of Saddam Hussein's regime in Iraq gave it greater power in the region Plan had backing of US,EU, UN & Russia Security fence brought matters to international attention

Answer 154

After Arafat's death in Nov 2004 Mahmoud Abbas became President. More willing to talk On Israeli side, tourism collapsed and economy in trouble si Sharon more willing to talk Talks resumed again

Answer 155

With help of $50m US aid, militant Palestinians agreed to a ceasefire in 2005. Prisoners were exchanged and Intifada ended Feb 2005

Answer 156

Disengagement Plan - Israel agreed to withdraw from occupied towns & Gaza Strip in 2005 - 8,000 settlers moved and compensated V unpopular with Israelis put Sharon under huge US pressure

Answer 157

Sharon in political trouble. Had to form a new party (Kadima) to stay in office in 2005 Right wing Israelis refused to consider withdrawing from West Bank where 400,000 settlers lived and refused to surrender any part of Jerusalem to be the capital of Palestinian state

Answer 158

Hamas won control of Palestinian Assembly in Jan 2006 from Fatah Turf war between Fatah & Hamas started. Harmed peace process Many Israelis felt that Hamas was pledged to the destruction of Israel and so did not really want peace Hamas refused to attend peace talks Hamas fired rockets into Israel Israel responded with bombing raids into Gaza and strengthened blockade around Gaza International Sanctions on Palestinian National Authority

Answer 159

Plan set out to achieve this by 2005 in 3 stages **Stage 1** Immediate cessation of Palestinian violence, dismantling of Israeli settlements built since March 2001, progressive Israeli withdrawl from occupied territories **Stage 2** Creation of independent Palestinian state and international conference **Stage 3** Permanent end of conflict with agreement on borders, status of Jerusalem and fate of Palestinian refugees and Israeli settlements Sharon pledged support provided Palestinian state was restricted to 42% of West Bank and 70% of Gaza and under full Israeli control. Ruled out division of Jerusalem and Palestinian right of return and wanted more than 100 changes to roadmap . Finally published on 20 April 2003 - day of invasion phase of Iraq war ended

Answer 160

Israel left Lebanon in 2000 and Hezbollah won credit for pushing them out In 2006 Israel invaded Lebanon to destroy Hezbollah attacks on n Israel Hezbollah making Israel look weak and needed to show were still powerful Had to do this before Obama took over in Jan 2008, hence invasion in Dec 2008

Answer 161

Extreme poverty (80% of population) in Gaza led to Hamas gaining significant power. In response to Hamas firing Qassim rockets into Israel from Gaza, Operation Cast Lead was launched. The operation targeted Hamas fighters and aimed to destroy the tunnels used for weapon smuggling between Gaza and Egypt. While a brief ceasefire occurred in 2008, its longevity was uncertain.

Middle East Flashcards

(185 cards)