USA 1945-74 Civil Rights Flashcards

Question

# Causes to the end of McCarthyism TV

Answer 1

On a TV programme called See it now McCarthy was exposed. It caused public opinion to drop. Jan 1954 - 50% approval of McCarthy --- Aug 1954 - 36%

Answer 2

The democrats won the mid-terms in 1954. The Senate then demanded that McCarthy be censured for improper conduct. McCarthy was blamed for the republican defeat.

Answer 3

* In 1950 the McCarron act was passed. Requied suspected organisations to register and to also give a list of members. It took away all communists passports. * Communist control act - banned the communist party in America. * McCarren-walter immigration act in 1952 - Gave Northern and Western Europe 85% of immigration quota.

Answer 4

Politicians exaggerated the threat - attorney general said that reds were everywhere Nixon and Reagan both made their names by opposing communism Democrats suffered - they lost the 52 election due to fear of communists in the government, failure to prosecute the korean war

Answer 5

McCarthy ruined many lives he got 400 people sent to prison. 117 imprisoned for contempt of congress. More than all of the 1800s If you were on a blacklist then you couldn't get a passport of live in federal housing

Answer 6

It was a unanimous decision in support of overturning separate but equal There was a second case in which the SC said states had to comply with 'all due speed' as they weren't desegregating fast enough

Answer 7

* Showed that NAACP tactics worked. * Officially ended separate but equal and that supported a lot of Jim Crow laws all of which could now be challenged. * Increased awareness of civil rights and led to more cases being taken to court

Answer 8

* Less than 12% of 6300 schools in the south integrated * In the 2 years after the case passed over 450 laws were passed in the south to stop the ruling from being enforced * Texas Governor used troops to stop integration

Answer 9

* Had 250,000 members by 1956 and had links to the KKK * Black Monday was the name of the book for the movement, it had the idea of creating a 49th state for black people and getting rid of public schools

Answer 10

* KKK became to re-emerge - so more beating and lynchings * 8/15 lynchings in the 1950s happened after the 1954 decision.

Answer 11

His body was unrecognizable but he still had an open coffin funeral to show the reality of lynching in the south

Answer 12

* Rosa Parks said it was her motivation * Could be seen as the start of the proper civil righs movement: local protests * It encouraged more people to join the cvil rights movement

Answer 13

* Showed that Eisenhower would put the full weight of the government behind desegregation. He stood up to governor Faubus * Federalised 10,000 troops to allow children to attend class * It set the precedent of the government intervening

Answer 14

It made the US look bad as they had to use tropps agasint one of thier own states. There were many photos of the mob and how full of hatred they were

Answer 15

72% of people in Little Rock were against integration Mississippi didn't have a single integrated school

Answer 16

Browder v Gayle in 1956 said that bus segregation was unconstitutional. In 1960 another ruling said that interstate bus terminals must be desegregated too

Answer 17

* King's house was attacked and there was intimidation of participants to stop boycotting * 4 black churches bombed

Answer 18

This was MLKs philosophy which he drew from Gandi. He thought that fair mined people would be more likely to show support if the campaign was peaceful. It allowed to the movement to get better TV coverage so they got more publicity and the world could see

Answer 19

It showed the growing federal commitment to the cause of civil rights. It was the first time in 82 years that the government did something positive for civil rights. It also acknowledged that people were being prevented from voting.

Answer 20

The act allowed federal courts to prosecute states who tried to prevent people from voting. However, people were disappointed and wanted more for voting rights.

Answer 21

He led the MIA His arrest during the boycott gained a lot of publicity. He organised the car pools

Answer 22

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

Answer 23

This was MLKs philosophy which he drew from Gandi. He thought that fair mined people would be more likely to show support if the campaign was peaceful. It allowed to the movement to get better TV coverage so they got more publicity and the world could see

Answer 24

Motto of SCLC 'To redeem the soul of America' Believed they could transform the soul of the aggressor. By confronting and admitting the wrongs of the white so they could become better people. They didn't always agree with the NAACP

Answer 25

It was a non-violent tactic of forcing change started by students. Example of a successufl non-violent protest. More than 300 students were invovled Started in Woolworths in Greensboro

Answer 26

Supreme Court confimed that inter-state buses and stations should be desegregated. CORE tested this through the freedom riders which was riding buses in the south. They hoped to get a reaction from whites. They did at Anniston, there was a bus that was firebomed there in 1961

Answer 27

He tried to enrol at Mississippi university and he was supported by the Supreme Court and JFK however the uni and its governor refused. There were riots and so JFK sent 320 federal marshals to escort Meredith. It worked and he registered but had to be guarded all year

Answer 28

* By 1961, 801 towns and cities had desegregated public areas, this was due to profits suffering * It helped CORE turn from a small group of pacifists into an effective civil rights movement * Showed that peaceful protest could work and get publicity

Answer 29

Supreme Court ruled in 1964 that restaurants serving whites only were unconstitutional Eisenhower spoke in support of the sit-ins but didn't intervene

Answer 30

The students were spat on etc but they didn't retaliate They got a lot of publicity and sympathy They also didn't pay bail so it caused jail to become overcrowed. Saying of 'jail not bail'

Answer 31

The first mass protest movement - 70,000 by Aug 1961 It could be applied anywhere e.g. swim-ins and read-ins **Signalled a major shift in younger and more militant activists** MLK spoke to the students to help keep them going

Answer 32

NAACP helped wasn't keen - Thurgood Marshall said it was expensive and impractical. NAACP was angry that the goal of voter registration was ignored King wanted students to join SCLC but they wanted to form SNCC Not much effect in deep southern states Obtaining federal support was patchy

Answer 33

Southerners were angry at the intrusion - brought out the KKK Riders got publicity for being arrested and also for attacks e.g. firebomb in Anniston In Birmingham, Bull Connor game the KKK time on their own with the riders

Answer 34

Revitalised CORE as it doubled its membership and reached 52,000 by December 1961. SNCC joined in Changed the cr movement - younger and more radical people MLK was accused of getting all the glory despite not being involved

Answer 35

Government assigned federal marshals to support the riders Justice department was told to enforce laws against segregation

Answer 36

JFK was forced to act and sent 2,000 troops to restore order 300 soldiers had to stay with Meredith for the whole year

Answer 37

After this there were no issues with blacks registering at universities Governor Wallace of Alabama tried to resit people registering

Answer 38

1957 cr act not working; as segregation still there due to white resistance Kennedy's New frontier had failed as many black people still lived in poverty

Answer 39

Connor was the chief of police and endangered freedom riders and had a short temper Gov Wallace was elected on a pro-segregation campaign It meant that any civil rights activities there would lead to violence and therefore publicity

Answer 40

KKK was strong there Black music was banned the radio Nicknamed Bombingham due to the regular bombing of black houses and businesses If they could change Birmingham then they could change anywhere

Answer 41

It was a large town with high proportion of blacks - 43% black Business leaders in Brumm felt that segregation did them no good

Answer 42

ACMHR (Alabame Christian Movement for Human RIghts), SCLC and SNCC were all in Birmingham

Answer 43

MLK got arrested for not having a permit for a parade. Him being in prison gained publicity 1,000 arrested and jails were so full that Connor sent dogs to attack protestors and this was seen on tv A black church in Birmingham was bombed and 4 children were killed

Answer 44

MLK and city leaders reached an agreement, as leaders were worried about economic impact of protests - led to black people being able to get jobs that only whites could get before In the following weeks, 14,000 arrested in protests about segregation in 186 towns and cities across America However many facilities in Birmingham continued to be segregated

Answer 45

JFK sent in negotiators to help make a deal for the city. Wallace sent in state troops to stop talks. JFK sent in federal troops to restore order JFk deiced that something needed to change and started to push for new civil rights bill. It passed in 1964

Answer 46

250,000 people marched, 80,000 whites Marlon Brando and others were there so it got a lot of publicity MLK's speech was inspirational and brought a lot more people into the movement

Answer 47

Leader of SNCC (John Lewis) said that the efforts of students were being ignored He caused controversy and it was clear that the cr movement was starting to split Malcolm X called it a picnic and that it was taken over by whites. He called it the farce on Washington

Answer 48

It didn't change any republican congressman's minds and they would still oppose a civil rights bill if it came through. It put the demand for civil rights at the fore of people's thoughts JFK met with 1500 leaders in religion, labour and business to discuss civil rights and he couldn't promise a stronger bill

Answer 49

Summer project established 30 freedom schools attended by more than 3,000 young black students. The schools meant that they could pass literacy tests However, only 9% of the people that tried passed

Answer 50

There was a lot of violence which is why many people failed to register - some were threatened with job losses or had their property attacked 3 were arrested by a police chief (Cecil Price) who was a KK member when they were released they were attacked and shot by a mob. Bobby Kennedy sent the FBI to find the killers. This brought a lot of publicity to the area.

Answer 51

Freedom summer brought attention to the racial oppression in Mississippi. It strengthened the resolve of the activists. Many of the activists went on to become leaders in black power and the women's movements of the 1960s

Answer 52

There were 3 marches in total Aim was to travel to petition Wallace: To go from Selma to Montgomery 1. Bloody Sunday on the 7th of March, protesters attacked with clubs and tear gas outside Selma 2. 9th of March. MLK organised it. They got to the bridge but they got turned back as they were faced by state troopers. In the evening there were beatings and a preacher died from them 3. 21st of March the march happened as LBJ said the march was legal

Answer 53

* He took control of the Alabama National Guard to allow the 3rd march to happen * LBJ puts forward the voting rights bill in March of 65 * He spoke to the nation on TV. Congress passed the act quickly

Answer 54

Huge number of casualties and 3 deaths There were images of Alabama law enforcement beating nonviolent protesters and this was shown across the world. It made people think that the segregationist movement was one of state-endorsed terrorism against non-whites

Answer 55

MLK was accused of being too nice to the whites over the second, abandoned march SNCC wanted to directly confront the police and move away from King's idea of non-violence

Answer 56

* It ended segregation in all public places. By 1965 a total of 214 cities were desegregated * 2/3 of Mississippi and Alabama towns were desegregated * Desegregating schools was slow progress and more Supreme court decisions had to be made

Answer 57

All state projects must include racial integration or the gov would withhold funds Employment Opportunities Commission stated the all Americans were entitled to equal employment opportunities

Answer 58

The act was enforced by the gov. Gov could remove funding from state projects that discriminated in employment Said that the Departments of health, education adn welfare could withold funding from schools if they refused to make de-segregation

Answer 59

Disallowed different registration standards for blacks and whites the fact that there needed to be a voting rights act a year after shows that the civil rights act that it was ineffective for voting. There were low registration figures.

Answer 60

Ended litaracy tests and established a national literacy test level of a 10 year old Every election was covered by this

Answer 61

Gave the president the power to intervene in the construction of fair electoral rolls. Justice Dep could intervene and suspend discriminatory registrati0on tets in counties where less than 50% registered

Answer 62

Helped around 1m people vote by 1968 By 1966 only 4 confederate states had under 50% registration 6-fold increase in blacks registered for office Thurgood Marshall appointed to the Supreme Court in 1967

Answer 63

MLK was arrested for having a parade without a permit. Him being in jail got a lot of publicity and the letter he sent was also famous Led to JFK putting forward the civil rights bill in 1963

Answer 64

MLKs speech was powerful and he won the Nobel peace prize for keeping to the principles of non-violence It was inspirational and possibly bought a lot more people into the movement

Answer 65

The marches shifted public opinion on the Civil Rights movement. The brutality of the Alabama law enforcement was shown on TV and help change people's view of the segregationist movement. Led to LBJ putting the voting rights act forward

Answer 66

Focussed on the northern cities - possibly due to attention drawn to ghettos by Malcolm X and black panthers. Also wanted to show that non-violence was the way. Chicargo Freedom Movement 1966: Helped to get the mayor of Chicago to build public housing and get mortgages for black people. Operation Breadbasket aimed at abolishing racist hiring polices Poor peoples campaign in Washington DC set up free food programms in poor areas

Answer 67

Malcolm X and Stokley Carmichael were critical of the March on Washington SNCC said that King was too close to white people Criticised for calling off the first march at Selma, SNCC wanted to confront the police and move away from MLKs non-violent methods In Chicago, the protesters were attacked and the mayor did nothing None of the agreements reached in Chicago were upheld

Answer 68

He helped to grow the movement - Christain faith was popular and he was well-educated. New method of protest was popular and inclusive Made whites feel comfortable and got a lot of white support e.g. Washington March However, he split the movement - youth and northerners felt left out, SNCC began to split away. His methods were slow, civil rights bill got stuck in congress despite all his activities

Answer 69

Positives: - Groups such as CORE and SNCC enacted change in Birmingham. - Their actions prompted the government to send federal help, like the freedom riders. Negatives: - They often relied on federal help, such as the freedom riders, to achieve their goals. - Sometimes their efforts seemed to receive no immediate reaction, as in the case of Birmingham where it took too long for change to occur.

Answer 70

- JFK put forward the civil rights bill and used Bobby Kennedy in various places to support the movement - LBJ got two bits of legislation through being cr bill in 64 and the voters rights Act in 65. They were both key in improving rights - Used troops to help in Selma, Little Rock and with James Meredith for example **However** - Poverty and ghettos weren't helped by legislation. - It also took until 1970 to fully desegregate schools

Answer 71

The racism and reaction of whites generated huge publicity and that contributed to the progress of the Civil Rights Movement. Such as Bull Connnor and George Wallace. However, they did shock the world with the media coverage of the bruital acts during Birmingham and Selma. This prompted federal intervention and then legislation. But this was only due to the action of civil rights groups as Wallace wouldn't have reacted without being prompted.

Answer 72

Birmingham, Selma and Sit-ins were all shown across the world. A lot of publicity as they show white racists in action The reaction of the whites was needed and also the courage of the Civil Rights movement to do the protests.

Answer 73

It offered a new approach which was popular among young blacks. As shown as membership numbers: 500 in 1952 and then 40,000 in 1962 Malcolm X helped set up educational and social programmes aimed at black youths in ghettos

Answer 74

Scandal over Elijah Muhammad and the killing of Malcolm X proved problematic Criticised on their views on separatism that mixed race marriages should not take place

Answer 75

Not afraid to say that King's non-violent approach wasn't working Called the March on Washington a farce Influenced a generation of young urban blacks who felt they could more easily identify with him compared to 'black aristocrat' like MLK He used threat of violence as a weapon Affected MLK as he made him more radical and more willing to adopt a position of black pride. Argued that he raised the self-esteem fo blacks more than any other movement or person

Answer 76

Believed that black people are Africans and not Americans He thought they should have a separate state or go back to Africa He said that northern racism was more insidious than racism in the south as it was disguised in the north. His 1964 organisation of Afro-American Unity was to help black people have closer links with Africa

Answer 77

He was a big impact on Stokley Carmichael and therefore helped to split the civil rights movement. X was portrayed as dangerous and racist by the press. He threatened to undermine the tenuous support that civil rights leaders got from the government as he challenged integration.

Answer 78

Due to mounting tension over police brutality and relative poverty in urban black communities. Blacks had waited long enough as MLKs philosophy hadn't reached them. A new way was coming which was militant adn urged people to take control for themselves Splits in the movement had been occuring for some time e.g. SNCC Young urban blacks wanted to be more active belived tath it was not wrong to defend yourself when your under attack - basic human right

Answer 79

Also known as March against fear Meredith aimed to march from Memphis to Jackson to encourage voter registration. He was shot on day 2 and then the march began to split massively. MLK's movement split off and went to Philadelphia in the end. Stokley Carmichael first coined black power at this march

Answer 80

During Meredith March objected to King's peaceful stance and led movement into militancy. He used the phrase black power for the first time. The media used the phrase as evidence for the division of the civil rights movement. In 1967 he co-wrote a book on black power

Answer 81

He created the term black power and it became the rallying cry for a younger more radical generation of civil rights activists He helped people find self-esteem and contributed to the black is beautiful movement

Answer 82

Partially responsible for splitting the civil rights movement. He said whites no longer had a role to play in the struggle for black freedom. Said that SNCC members should carry guns for self-defence and changed its philosophy to one that expelled all whites.

Answer 83

Tommie Smith and John Carlos won medals in the 200m and during the national anthem gave a black power salute World Media highlighted the civil rights issues and it inspired thousands of young blacks to join black power groups Brought Black Power to international attention

Answer 84

Carlos and Smith were banned from the athlete's village and sent back to the USA. They were accused of bringing politics into sports and damaging the Olympic spirit. When they got back they received death threats as some felt they had brought the flag into disrepute. They were banned from representing their countries.

Answer 85

**Had a 10-point manifesto which included supporting the black community through welfare programmes such as health clinics and free school breakfasts. Had a large impact on life in the ghettos**. Businesses donated money Panthers would monitor police behaviour and follow the police about the ghetto. The party was inclusive of white people

Answer 86

Huge publicity despite being small (2,000 members) as they were visible and they carried guns. There was violence e.g. 1969 27 killed in shootouts with police and leaders arrested. Huey Newton ran extortion rackets and was arrested by the FBI

Answer 87

The Black is Beautiful movement aimed to show black people that their natural skin colour, facial features and hair were all beautiful despite what was said such as natural hair being ugly. It made being proud to be black and to display black culture Inspired native Americans and Hispanics to protest and perhaps also the gay community

Answer 88

Panthers had 10 point plan to improve life in ghettoes by organised medical clinics and giving free shoes and classes on black history. Brought Nothern issues to people's attention - MLK goes north in 1968 to Chicago and Operation Breadbasket.

Answer 89

The 1972 National Black Political Convention was a milestone in black power politics, excluding whites and setting **goals such as electing black representatives to Congress** and achieving community control of schools.

Answer 90

The damage done by the race riots (unfairly linked to black power) Links to violence - Black power supported self-defence Panthers carried guns and were involved in shoot-out with FBI By late 1960s, 90% of Americans were opposed to more legislation. Could be responsible for Nixon pulling campaigns such as him stopping bussing. White American associated the race riots with black power even though there was no obvious connection

Answer 91

White Urban Flight: White people leaving cities led to deteriorating facilities, ghettoes formed with poor services, schools, and food poisoning. 7.5m blacks in north faced high unemployment and poverty. Reforms slowed due to Vietnam War, while Nixon lacked interest in further change.

Answer 92

5 days after the VRA was passed a black ghetto in LA erupted with riots lating 5 days. It was sparked by white police offiercs treating some blacks roughly. By the end of the riots 34 were killed and 4,000 arrested.

Answer 93

Didn't cause the first riots but it might've helped them spread. As the news spread, there were riots and 30 died with thousands injured Blacks said that MLK was killed by White America After King's death, 125 cities rioted and 46 died.

Answer 94

Cleveland, Brooklyn Atlanta rioted for the next 3 years. 125 cities in all 130 dead with $700m in damages Damage was mostly done in black areas. The riots destroyed many houses and businesses. They also depressed property values for decades. Many black neighbourhoods experienced arson as there were 15,000 separate incidents of it.

Answer 95

Destroyed white liberal support and so harmed blacks e.g. Mayors of Detroit and New York both voted out United the divided white on the issue of civil rights and could've contributed to the white backlash By late 1960s 90% of Americans were opposed to legislation and 73% believed that slums were blacks' fault. They were unwilling to agree that police brutality took place

Answer 96

Gov established **Kerner Commission** to investigate the riots. The commission recommended a policy which combined ghetto enrichment with programs designed to encourage integration of blacks into society outside of ghettos. MLK hospital was built in Newark

Answer 97

Focussed on northern cities at last - maybe due to attention put on ghettos by Malcolm X and Black Panthers Also, MLK wanted to show that non-violence was still the way after the Watts riots Chicago Freedom Movement 1966: Got an agreement with the mayor of Chicago to build public housing Poor People's Campaign in Washington DC set up free food programmes in poor areas

Answer 98

In Chicago, protesters were attacked in the main park when they were marching - the mayor ignored it. Attacked with bottles and bricks. Whites resented their arrival None of the agreements reached in Chicago were upheld

Answer 99

In Jan 64 he appointed two black judges to the federal bench 67 Supreme Court decision on marriage allowing blacks and whites to marry Affirmative action programmes so that black people could get jobs; in Philadelphia targets were set for firms to employ blacks - numbers rose from 1% to 12% of the total workforce

Answer 100

Equal Opportunity Act 1972. This gave the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) authority to sue federal courts if there is reasonable cause that there has been employment discrimination in the case of public employment. In 1974 the Uni of California mandated that the entering class of the statewide university system aim to have the same share of minorities as the state's high school graduating class

Answer 101

Bussing was controversial and it caused white people to move out of areas to make sure their children didn't go to school with black children who were bussed in. After the SC ruling in 71 which allowed bussing, Nixon went on TV to speak against bussing and tried to overturn it. The practice declined, and by the end of 74 integration in the south dropped by 40%

Answer 102

More than 76 million babies born during the post-WWII 'baby boom' In the 50s a separate youth culture had emerged and by the 60s this generation was entering college College campuses teemed with young people who had the freedom to question the moral and spiritual health of the nation. These young people became a vital component of social change movements of the 60s

Answer 103

From the late 50s young people had been getting involved in these protests. It might've made them question other parts of life In addition it inspired other movements

Answer 104

By the mid-60s nearly 3/4 of students finished high school and half of those went to college. 7m by the 60s and unis also grew to huge proportions and students complained they were being 'processed' to follow the path of their parents

Answer 105

Post-WWII US incomes rose, boosting middle-class growth. US GDP increased 250% from 1945-1960. Economic security prompted concerns about poverty, discrimination, and social issues. Inequality sparked organization and national attention. Youth blamed older generation for society's problems.

Answer 106

A 1950/60s political movement for radical social, political, and educational changes. Inspired by civil rights, social injustice, and the Vietnam war, it primarily comprised student groups like SDS and gained popularity in universities.

Answer 107

In the 30s, Americans suffered in the Great Depression. Roosevelt created new deal programs to fight unemployment and poverty. For the first time federal government assumed a major role in ensuring the welfare of its citizens. Americans began to look to the government to give benefits to the needy and legal protection to the powerless. By the 60s, many Americans believed that the federal government had to power and responsibility to protect them from unfair and unjust social forces. People started to pressure all branches of the federal government to provide a solution to the issues of the nation.

Answer 108

America's role as a global power provided people who were advocating social change with a powerful argument. Activists said how can the US tell African and Asian countries to reject communism and have a more US way of life when racism and inequality are a part of US life. They said that they need to work toward democracy and equality for all citizens if they wanted to win the cold war.

Answer 109

Cuban Revolution caused some young people to turn to radical political movements (around 5% of 21-25-year-olds). Che Guevara was a hero of the age. The most radical considered Castro and Mao were bringing better visions of bringing justice and equality to people. Vietnam War increased distance between the youth and their parents. Students object to the drafts, methods of war and high casualties. They were supported by the media who televised pictures of the war every night

Answer 110

There were protests by Women, Students and hippies across the world e.g. London in LSE and Paris in 68. Many were linked to a lack of power, Vietnam, and feminism. In Northern Ireland, there were many Catholic protests in favour of civil rights.

Answer 111

It was all seen on TV - the war, the civil rights protests and so on

Answer 112

The availability of new and more effective forms of birth control was a key underpinning of the sexual revolution. The option of recreational sex without the threat of unwanted pregnancy radically changed the social dynamic and permitted both women and men much greater freedom in the selection of sexual lifestyles outside the confines of traditional marriage

Answer 113

In addition, new music (Dylan, Beatles, Baez, Hendrix) and drug culture became important. Many lyrics related to the protests

Answer 114

SDS formed in 150 colleges, reached 100,000 members by 1968. Initially focused on civil rights and urban improvement. Opposed nuclear weapons and anti-communism. Became more militant during the war, occupying campus buildings. Split into factions by 1969, including the notorious weatherman group that used terrorist tactics.

Answer 115

It was a manifesto of the SDS saying that US universities had no flexibility and weren't open to new ideas. They were campaigning for a greater say in what they were taught and how. It also aimed to help the poor. It said that its members were well of but uncomfortable in the world they inherit. It was a statement of the new left and only struck a chord with like-minded students. It may have kicked off the student movement but the movement itself spawned lots of different ones such as civil rights, the free speech movement and so on

Answer 116

They argued their right to free speech was being challenged and they resisted. **The FSM sparked an unprecedented wave of student activism and involvement. Their activism paved the way for future students in California who would focus on the Vietnam War.** It became too radical for more conservative students. It never really had the support of the wider community. Older people often regarded the students as over-privileged and troublemakers.

Answer 117

Days of rage in 69 in Chicago lasted 4 days - anti-government demonstrations. Protested the trial of the Chicago 7. The days of rage cost Chicago $180,000 and 287 members of the weathermen were arrested. The weathermen started by bombing police HQs and government buildings in 1970 and members made it onto the FBI most wanted list. Many made it onto the top 10 most wanted. They divereted 100s of agents and tens of millions of dollars away from traditional crime.

Answer 118

* Napalm and Agent Orange - chemical warfare. * Massacres - My Lai 1968 - death of 300-400 villagers and homes burnt

Answer 119

Draft meant uncertainty for young - 19 was average age as older and richer students got out of the draft. Civil Rights leaders said that draft was unfair - 24% of combat deaths were black in 1965 Government saw universities as recruiting grouds for cadet corps - Kent State Campus (this was burnt down by protesters)

Answer 120

Vietnam War cost $170bn This led to inflation and devaluation of the $ as a result Lack of social reform - LBJ Great Society Reform programme had to be cut and programmes on education and health failed

Answer 121

**Events**: Mass rallies were held, slogans against the president "hell no we won't go". Sit-ins and teach-ins. Draft dodging also took place **Impacts:** Draft Dodging created a diverse atmosphere - older Americans who fought in WWII were disapproving of the younger generation Thousands of young Americans had to cross to Canada to resit being arrested and the government was eventually forced to pardon them

Answer 122

**Events**: First teach-in took place in Michigan in 65. A small group planned to strike to protest the war. 50 professors decided to make a stand and teach a special session concerning the war **Impacts**: Several thousand people turned up to the first teach-in and the move was copied. Within months, more than 120 schools held similar events

Answer 123

**Events**: Thousands of students volunteered to work for Eugene McCarthy who ran on the issue of ending the war. At the convention in Chicago, the SDS created a riot in order to destroy the election chances of pro-war candidate Hubert Humphrey **Impacts**: Tom Haydon and 6 others were arrested and convicted of crossing state lines to incite a riot became known as the Chicago Seven. It embarrassed the Democrats and it may have impacted the election as Nixon and the Republicans won and he promised to end the war within 6 months.

Answer 124

**Events**: Kent State Uni Ohio, 1970: Students protesting against the war moving into Cambodia and they were fired on by national guardsmen. There had been 4 days of protests which included the burning down of the Campus Officer Training Corps. 2000 protesters on the last day and they refused to move and shots were fired. **Impacts**: Encouraged more protests across college campuses. Led to 400 colleges being closed as 2m students went on strike. 2 students were shot dead at another university. Parents were angry when the president seemed to show a lack of sympathy.

Answer 125

In America, a lot of people felt that a public protest against the war was unpatriotic as American soldiers were fighting the war. Nixon called those shot at Kent State 'bums' this angered parents but older Americans and veterans probably agreed. Veterans and older Americans were disgusted with flag-burning and draft doging.

Answer 126

**The movement greatly increased scepticism about the morality of American foreign policy and the purpose of sending American troops into combat.** It taught Americans to think more about their nation's foreign policy During the cold war, Americans just accepted their president's foreign policy without question. After Vietnam, people demanded that foreign policy be debated. **Led to the War Powers Act of 1973 - which said that the president can send the US armed forces into action abroad but only a declaration of war by Congress or if the US is attacked**

Answer 127

The "Summer of Love" refers to the 1967 San Francisco, where young people travelled from across America and beyond, attracted by the promise of the chance to cast off conservative social values and experiment with drugs and sex. Many came for the Monterey Pop Festival

Answer 128

The theory of the commune was that no one was in charge and all resources were pooled. The San Fran Diggers were a radical community and improvisational actors in Haight Ashbury in 1967-68. The Diggers provided free food, medical care, transport, and temporary housing. They also organised free music concerts.

Answer 129

In 1969, UC Berkeley demolished nearby buildings for future development. The neglected land became unsightly. People took action by planting trees and flowers. The governor ordered its destruction, sparking a 2-week occupation of Berkeley. Flower Power emerged as hippies defiantly planted flowers citywide.

Answer 130

In August 1969, the Woodstock Music and Art Fair took place in Bethel, New York, which for many, exemplified the best of hippie counterculture. The hippie ideals of love and human fellowship seem to have gained real-world expression. Similar rock festivals occurred in other parts of the country, which played significant role in spreading hippie ideals throughout America

Answer 131

It shaped the ideals of people who started to listen to hippies' beliefs. Homosexuality and transsexuality became more accepted and subcultures developed. The gay rights movement took off in the 1960s States legalised homosexuality during the 1970s.

Answer 132

LBJ may have been influenced by the movement to pass more environmental legislation. Gaylord (yes that's his name) Nelson created Earth Day in 1970 to create a unified outcry that would help make politicians take notice of environmental harm. It worked and caused the creation of the US Environmental Protection AGency and several acts to protect water, air and endangered species.

Answer 133

Women became better educated: 1950 - 720,000 went to Uni by 1960 which was 1.3m. But these graduates didn't have great career prospects and some courses were closed to them such as engineering A JFK commission found that 95% of managers in companies were men and women earned 50-60% less than men when doing the same job In January 1963 a journalist auditioned to become playboy bunny in an undercover assignment and they expoesed the low pay, sexual harassment and racism

Answer 134

When WWII ended women were expected to give up their jobs in favour of men who were returning from the war. Women's magazines encouraged marriage and motherhood. Younger women were often influenced by the ideas and ideals of the 1960s and did not want to live the lives their mothers had Women could plan pregnancies around work as they had access to the pill. 1.2 million women used the pill within two years of its launch in 1960. Abortion was illegal and in several states contraceptives of any kind were illegal.

Answer 135

Eleanor Roosevelt set up a commission to investigate the status of women at work In 1966 National Organisation for Women was founded by Betty Friedan. It campaigned for a equal rights act amendment to the US constitution

Answer 136

There were no women in Kennedy's cabinet for instance. Women were discriminated against even in the SDS. In the SDS there were 1/3 of women but they only held 6% of the seats

Answer 137

The book told women to reject a mere housewife role and she told women to have a career as well. The term 'feminist Mystique' meant that women were fulfilled through housework and marriage. She brought to attention the fact that many women weren't satisfied with housework and were unhappy. She said that to make women happy they should have the right to work in the same way as men. The book brought many women together and was one of the catalysts for the second-wave feminist movement.

Answer 138

NOW raised awareness, inspired women to challenge inequality. Pushed for women's equal partnership, rights in constitution. Pressured Congress for ERA ratification. Exec Order banned gender-segregated ads. Organized 1970 women's strike for equality.

Answer 139

* During WWII supported increased roles for women and blacks. She also advocated factory jobs be given to women. * 1942 urged women to learn trades * Campaigned for gov-sponsored daycare * Became an international spokesperson for women and equal rights * Held press conferences for women only as First Lady

Answer 140

Persuaded Kennedy to establish an equal rights commission for women Chaired Kennedy Presidential Commission on the Status of Women but died before it issued its report. The report highlighted the issue of inequality in work and pay and led to the Equal Pay Act in June 1963. This made it illegal to pay people differently if they did the same job

Answer 141

Some felt the biological differences between men and women meant that women were naturally housewives and men were their protectors. **A book called Total Women that was released in 1973 said that women were about serving and worshipping their husbands (it was written by a woman).** It had 4 As - Accept, Admire, Appreciate and Adapt. The author Marabel Morgon became a key figure in the anti-feminist campaign

Answer 142

The STOP ERA campaign was led by Phyllis Schlafly. She said that equality would harm women and hurt poorer women and mothers the most such as making them eligible for military service. She said that women had special privilege and that ERA would take that away. She managed to delay ERA until 1982 when it failed as only 35/38 states had ratified it and it ran out of time. | STOP - Stop Taking Our Privileges

Answer 143

Seen as more radical than NOW Protests against sexism in the media included sit-ins at local media outlets and sabotaging newspaper offices. They made progress such as by the late 1970s such as outlawing gender discrimination in education and college sports and also the legalization of abortion and birth control

Answer 144

They attracted much criticism as some said that they were anti-men and the mainstream media showed liberationists as man-haters or deranged outcasts. Such as the demonstration outside the 1968 Miss America pageant in Atlantic City, where activists protested the objectification of women.

Answer 145

Set up by Kennedy in 1961. Chaired by Eleanor Roosevelt and it affirmed that women had a right to paid employment and it called for a federal stand against sex discrimination. 32 states set up their own commission

Answer 146

Presidential Commission in 1963 recommended that women stay at home

Answer 147

In November 1968 NOW member Shirley Chisholm became the first black woman elected to the House of Representatives

Answer 148

* Still a very small number of women in national politics * No presidential candidate until Hilary Clinton * JFK had no women in his cabinet

Answer 149

Included making it illegal to discriminate against women on the grounds of gender

Answer 150

Never properly enforced as the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) didn't take it very seriously

Answer 151

Proposed by NOW in 1967. Discussed from 1972 by Congress. It would guarantee sexual equality under the constitution

Answer 152

Not ratified it failed by 3 votes in 1982. Due to campaigns from people like Phyliss Schalfy. She said it might take their rights away such as the right to be supported by their husbands.

Answer 153

The Womens Liberation Movement; more active in challenging discrimination, and argued that all signs of male supremacy should be removed from society. By the mid-70s the Womens Liberation Movement had been effective in changing the perception of women. NOW was set up in 66 by Betty Friedan. It sought fair pay and equal opportunites in work.

Answer 154

The Women's Liberation Movement and NOW may have led to more hostility as their actions were seen as extreme. Some said that they were anti-men and man-haters. Marabel Morgan wrote a book called The Total Women in 1972 and it was about serving and worshipping husbands. It sold 500,000 copies.

Answer 155

Guaranteed women equal pay for equal work. Over the next 10 years, 171,000 people received a total of $84m in back pay under the act.

Answer 156

In 1970 44% of men earned over $25,000 pa and only 9% of women did.

Answer 157

EEOC agrees to hear female cases in 1968, e.g. airlines who forced out women over 32 and married women.

Answer 158

Employers often refused to hire women for the same jobs as men as the equal pay act didn't require private businesses to consider men and women the same. In 1970 44% of men earned over $25,000 pa and only 9% of women.

Answer 159

It banned all forms of gender discrimination including in books. Courses had to be rewritten to ensure that gender stereotypes didn't occur in the curriculum. It meant they girls could follow the same curriculum as boys. By 1970 40% of university students were female.

Answer 160

* 80% of teachers were women but only 10% were heads * 7% of doctors and 3% of lawyers were women by the end of the 1960s

Answer 161

This made it illegal to refuse credit based on gender, meaning women could now borrow money in the same way as men, buy houses, cars and start businesses.

Answer 162

Women were admitted to West Point and Annapolis, the elite academies for army and naval officers.

Answer 163

Contraception was more available. It meant that women could have families when they choose to. Abortion rights were won in 1972 in Roe v Wade. The reported number of legal abortions doubled 1972-80

Answer 164

Often women found it hard to get contraception unless they were married There was a lot of opposition to abortion and many women joined anti-feminist organisations. There were some limitations on abortion such as no abortion allowed after 6 months

Answer 165

Colleges were made to give equal opportunity to men and women. In 1970 men studying medicine, business, law, engineering etc outnumbered women by 8 to 1. In 1975 it was only 3 to 1 More women were able to pursue careers previously not open to them and even entered politics

Answer 166

Gave women right to half of their husband's property and it also made it easier for women to get a divorce. Also redefined spousal abuse not as a tradition but as a crime

Answer 167

Nixon felt that people were always against him. In Nov 1970 he ordered a list of the administration's major opponents to be made and to have an intelligence programme on them. It included journalists and actors. Nixon had a hatred of Harvard types and had a siege mentality in the White House - atmosphere of anything goes. He had to work with a Democrat-controlled congress - so he had to use other methods to keep power

Answer 168

The Pentagon papers revealed that the US government had lied about Vietnam. Due to this Nixon was determined to stop any other leaks getting to the press so he established plumbers. They were used to stop leaks but in the 72 elections, they were used for illegal activities to smear the opposition in the election. The plumbers got money from CREEP (Committee to Re-Elect the President). Creep got the money from campaign donations and it went to the plumbers for covert activities. The aim was to get George McGovern the democrat candidate so that Nixion could win easier. So the other candidates were smeared. Such as spreading rumours that the other candidate's wife had an abortion despite being Catholic

Answer 169

He had a born loser image from 1960-68. He had a slim majority and needed to win well. The Democrat candidate was weak and so Nixion would win easily. Nixon had just returned from China and the Vietnam War was about to end

Answer 170

The Washington Post kept it alive and tried to draw it to the attention of the public and managed to persuade the Democrats that something was seriously wrong. The Senate hearings were broadcast on TV and **people saw their president lie on TV**

Answer 171

The FBI found links to CREEP and that White House staff were involved in planning the burglary. They also found some activities that the plumbers were involved in. The FBI carried on investigating for two years even though Nixon tried to use the CIA to shut the FBI investigation down.

Answer 172

This began in 1972 and at first, it didn't look dangerous for Nixon. However, in the middle of the trial, James McCord wrote to the Judge and claimed that White House officials told the burglars to lie during their trial. Some say this in when the scandal started.

Answer 173

In 1973, perjury was discovered in the burglars' trial. John Dean implicated Nixon in a cover-up, confirmed by White House staff testimonies. Nixon's secret Oval Office recordings were exposed.

Answer 174

The handing over of the tapes was a battle between Nixon and the Senate Committee. It went on for over a year. The Supreme Court stepped in and said that Nixon had to hand them over. There were missing parts of the tapes and this made Nixon look more guilty. Nixon blamed his secretary but experts said that the missing parts were deliberately removed. There was a smoking gun tape that showed that Nixon tried to use the CIA to stop the FBI investigation to the break-in and had tried to cover the whole thing up

Answer 175

Ford accepted Nixon's resignation to prevent impeachment and scandal. He pardoned Nixon to restore trust in the government, but it backfired as people wanted Nixon to face trial due to unanswered questions. Critics believed Nixon and Ford made a deal.

Answer 176

Nixon was forced to resign and his reputation was tarnished forever by Watergate. All his achievements were forgotten such as his successes in opening up relations with China and also detente with the USSR. He also enforced school desegregation However, Nixon did get a job as an adviser to a later president Over 30 people sent to prison Huge turnover in staff as Republicans tried to get rid of people associated with the Nixon White House

Answer 177

The public was shocked at the way Nixon acted and spoke. There were examples of him attacking Jews and Italians on tapes verbally. Nixon never admitted that he had done anything wrong and acted as though the president should be above the law. Created fears that the president had too much power. Fewer people voted in elections House and Senate Open Meeting Act 1973 meant that committee meetings had to be open to the public

Answer 178

The Washington Post was praised for its role as it had uncovered much of the scandal. Political Parties were under much more scrutiny and more scandals were uncovered.

Answer 179

This was a more strict version of the Freedom of information act. It meant that any citizen had the right to see any government document and to sue the government if it was inaccurate or incomplete.

Answer 180

The 1974 mid-terms were disastrous for the Republicans. The Democrats increased their control of both houses, and they won the 76 election with Jimmy Carter. He had a reputation for honesty but his presidency ended in failure. The republicans regrouped and more conservatives became president such as Reagan

Answer 181

This act placed legal limits on campaign contributions. This was due to Nixon using campaign funds to fund the plumbers. The Federal Election Committee was made to enforce the law and to ensure the disclosure of contributions.

Answer 182

This helped Congress regain power over the budget process from the president. The idea was that if the president didn't over or underspend then they would behave more responsibly. Congress could determine the level of Federal Tax raising and spending Congress could place limits on presidents who refused to spend funds.

Answer 183

This required all senior government officials to disclose their finances and established the Office of government ethics to monitor the process. It set limits on the type of work government officials could do before they left the government so they could not take advantage of things they had learned whilst in government.

USA 1945-74 Civil Rights Flashcards

(207 cards)