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Middy 2 Flashcards

(108 cards)

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1
Q

a surgical sponge (gauze) mistakenly left in the abdominal cavity during surgery would cause…

A

foreign body granuloma formation

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2
Q

a focus of necrotic debris and dead neutrophils surrounded by a fibrous capsule is best termed…

A

an abscess

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3
Q

a primary function of neutrophils is…

A

phagocytosis of microorganisms

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4
Q

a classic example of delayed type hypersensitivity is…

A

the tuberculin reaction

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5
Q

amplification or expansion of the immune response is characteristic of…

A

both B cell and T cell responses to the antigen

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6
Q

a primary characteristic of the immune response is its…

A

specificity

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7
Q

amyloid is best defined as…

A

beta-pleated fibrillar protein

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8
Q

amyloid deposition in renal glomeruli is associated with…

A

protein loss in urine

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9
Q

bacteremia in young children or animals most often leads to bacterial seeding of the

A

growth plates (epiphyses)

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10
Q

cell mediated immunity is an important function of…

A

cytotoxic T cells

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11
Q

cells which play a key role in early stages of the immune response are the…

A

macrophages

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12
Q

chronic suppurative inflammation is characterized by…

A

necrosis, pus formation, fibrosis and mononuclear cells

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13
Q

complete the following statement correctly: immune suppression can…

A

result from therapy with corticosteroids

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14
Q

complete the following statement correctly: macrophages…

A

secrete cytokines which can influence both T and B cell function

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15
Q

cross-linking of numbers of antibody and antigen units leads to…

A

agglutination

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16
Q

caseous necrosis in granulomas caused by micro-organisms is related to…

A

a delayed type (Type IV) hypersensitivity reaction

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17
Q

during the lag period of the primary immune response, B cells with receptors for the specific antigen:

A

undergo clonal expansion to produce a large number of plasma cells

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18
Q

domestic animals receive passively acquired antibody from their mothers, which is primarily obtained by:

A

sucling colostrum

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19
Q

exudation refers to…

A

increased movement of fluid and proteins out of vessels due to increased permeability

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20
Q

epithelioid (activated macrophages resembling epithelial cells) cells have

A

an increased ability to secrete lysozome

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21
Q

True or false: following tissue injury, there is an early and transient vasoconstriction

A

true

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22
Q

fibrin is best described as…

A

an insoluble fibrillary polymer

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23
Q

granulomatous inflammation is characterized by:

A

aggregation of activated (epitheliod) macrophages

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24
Q

hypersensitivity refers to a state:

A

in which the immune response is destructive rather than neutralizing or defensive

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25
human newborns receive passively acquired antibody from their mothers which is primarily obtained by...
transplacental passage
26
increased vascular permeability in inflammation will allow large protein molecules to leave the vascular space. these include:
fibrinogen
27
in the secondary immune response...
specific antibody production occurs more rapidly
28
true or false: inflammatory cell movement into an area of acute inflammation is a passive process
false
29
inflammation is initiated by...
tissue injury
30
in type II (anti-body dependent) hypersensitivity, antibody is...
directed against specific antigens on cell surfaces
31
immune complex formation may cause...
complement activation
32
true or false: inflammatory mediators are found in plasma in their active forms
false
33
in acute inflammation, the term "pavementing" refers to the tendency for:
leukocytes to adhere to vessel walls
34
true or false: in acute inflammation, leukocytes tend to "stick" more to endothelial cells of the microvasculature
true
35
inflammatory mediators which have a role in signalling pain include...
bradykinin, histamine and serotonin
36
leukocytes have specific receptors for opsonins which cause phagocytosis to be...
enhanced
37
lymph nodes which are enlarged because of response to an antigenic stimulus are termed...
reactive
38
major sites of HIV infection and persistance are...
CD4+cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells in lymph nodes
39
molecules which evoke an immune response when introduced into the host are termed...
antigens
40
true or false: macrophages and monocytes act as important reservoirs and producers of HIV
true
41
true or false: many of the chemical mediators of inflammation also act as chemotactic signals to inflammatory cells
true
42
nonspecific defence mechanisms...
include all defence mechanisms other than the immune response
43
neutrophil diapedesis is assisted by...
enlarged endothelial pores
44
natural killer cells are...
lymphocytes able to kill a variety of cells without prior sensitization
45
neutrophils leave capillaries in inflammation by the process of...
diapedesis
46
non-granulomatous chronic inflammation is seen with...
chronic viral infections
47
neutrophils contain...
enzymes which can degrade biological material
48
plasma cells are derived from...
B cells
49
plasma cells secrete...
antibody
50
true or false: persistence of an antigen or injurious stimulus will cause chronic inflammation to develop
true
51
relative to transudates, exudates are characterized by...
greater number of cells
52
septicemia refers to...
spread of bacteria and their toxins via the bloodstream
53
specificity and memory are characteristics of...
the immune response
54
sites of lymphocyte priming are the...
thymus and bone marrow
55
the process by which certain inflammatory cells ingest and destroy particulate matter is termed...
phagocytosis
56
the mononuclear cell type with the greatest role in acute inflammation is the...
macrophage
57
tuberculosis is characterized by...
granulomatous inflammation in the lungs or other tissues
58
the two major components of the process of acute inflammation are...
vascular change and cellular response
59
the type of inflammatory cell with the greatest role in inflammation is the...
neutrophil
60
the inflammatory mediators having the greatest role in early phase of the acute inflammatory response are...
vasoconstrictive amines (histamine and serotonin)
61
the lack of response to our own antigens is termed...
self tolerance
62
true or false: the similarity between donor and recipient with regards to histocompatibility antigens is a major determinant of the success of tissue organ transplant
true
63
T cells are characterized by...
surface receptors which determine their specificity
64
the end result of immune-complex mediated hypersensitivity is:
fibrinoid necrosis of small vessels (necrotizing vasculitis)
65
the systemic reactions of anaphylaxis are caused by:
mast cell degranulation and mediator release
66
theories on the development of auto-immunity describe...
reactions against slightly altered tissue components
67
type IV (cell-mediated) hypersensitivity is mediated by
sensitized T cells
68
the marked active dilation of vessels in acute inflammation is due to...
release of chemical mediators by damaged cells
69
true or false: the synthesis of arachidonic acid metabolites is increased at inflammatory sites
true
70
the process by which inflammatory cells are attracted to an area of injury by directional migration along a chemical concentration gradient is termed...
chemotaxis
71
true or false: transudates are basically and ultrafiltrate of plasma
true
72
the profound immunosuppression associated with AIDS is primarily associated with defective...
cell-mediated immunity
73
the term serology refers to the study of...
antigen-antibody reactions in a laboratory setting
74
the increased blood flow into inflamed tissues is termed...
hyperaemia
75
the specificity of T cells is determined by the...
T cell receptor
76
The increased vascular permeability early in acute inflammation is caused by...
widening of intercellular junctions between endothelial cells
77
The defining characteristics of AIDS is:
reduced numbers of CD4+ T cells
78
The ‘cardinal’ signs of inflammation include redness, heat, pain, swelling, and...
loss of function
79
The acute inflammatory process may cause...
an elevation in number of white blood cells in the peripheral blood
80
The fever associated with acute inflammation is the result of...
mediators such as interleukin-1 and prostaglandins causing a ‘resetting’ of core temperature
81
true or false: The cerebral plaque lesions of Alzheimer disease contain a specific type of amyloid
true
82
true or false: The cerebral plaque lesions of Alzheimer disease contain a specific type of amyloid called AL
false
83
The most common cause of osteomyelitis is:
bacterial seeding from blood and Hematogenous spread of bacteria
84
true or false: Transudates are basically plasma proteins
false
85
The role of T cells in granulomatous inflammation is to:
produce lymphokines which inhibit macrophage migration
86
Vaccination is used to produce immunity against infectious organisms by inducing...
the primary immune response
87
Which of the following statements about fibrin is FALSE?
It is one of the constituents of scar tissue
88
When antigens react with their specific antibodies, they form:
immune complexes
89
With passive immunization ...
immunity is relatively short-term
90
Which of the following statements about acute inflammation is not true?
The leakiness of the vessels allows fluids and proteins but not cells to escape
91
A principal role of histocompatibility molecules is...
to bind foreign proteins for presentation to appropriate antigen-specific T cells
92
Delayed type hypersensitivity is initiated by...
CD4+ T cells
93
Fibrinous inflammation develops when...
vascular permeability has increased sufficiently to allow fibrinogen to leave the vessels
94
infection with HIV causes AIDS because...
the virus damages CD4+ T cells
95
In type I hypersensitivity reactions, the effects seen primarily relate to initial...
release of mediators from mast cells
96
Mast cells have an important role in inflammation because their granules release:
histamine
97
Opsonization refers to the...
enhanced recognition by leucocytes of injurious agents, due to coating with a variety of opsonins (3b, IgG, collectins)
98
The deposition of immune complexes in blood vessel walls, seen in immune complex-mediated (Type III) hypersensitivity causes...
necrotizing vasculitis
99
The third phase in the pathogenesis of systemic immune complex disease (Type III hypersensitivity) occurs when...
an inflammatory reaction leads to tissue injury
100
Transcription of HIV proviral-DNA in CD4+ T cells leads to...
productive infection and cell death
101
The specific movement of neutrophils toward a focus of inflammation is termed...
chemotaxis
102
The systemic fever response is the result of which of the following?
Pyrogens influence the hypothalamic thermoregulatory centre in the brain
103
The secondary immune response is characterized by which of the following, as compared to the primary immune response?
a greater magnitude
104
Which of the following terms describes an exudate?
Contains fluid, protein, and inflammatory cells
105
Which of the following statements about acute inflammation is not true?
the leakiness of the vessels allows fluids and proteins but not cells to escape
106
Which of the following lists best describes the composition of pus?
degenerating neutrophils, plasma, tissue debris, and dead microbes
107
Which of the following statements is false?
IgM is the immunoglobin with the smallest molecular weight
108
Which of the following has not been implicated in the development of autoimmune disease?
The development of anergy with advanced age

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