Midquarter 1 Review

Question 1

Which ANS neurons are cholinergic?

Answer 1

All preganglionic (P & S)
Sympathetic post to most sweat glands
All parasympathetic post

Question 2

Where are nicotinic receptors found?

Answer 2

Chromaffin cells (modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons)
Motor end plate of NMJ (somatic NS)
Sympathetic & parasympathetic postganglionic neurons (dendrites & cell bodies)

Question 3

Where are muscarinic receptors found?

Answer 3

Smooth mm
Cardiac mm
Glands

Question 4

What are some symptoms of muscarine poisoning?

Answer 4

Excessive gland secretions
Excessive sweating
Smooth mm stimulation (diarrhea)

Question 5

What pathway does this describe?

Nicotinic > adrenergic > effector

Answer 5

Sympathetic pathway to most effectors (except many sweat glands)

Question 6

What pathway(s) does this describe?
Nicotinic > muscarinic > effector

Answer 6

Sympathetic to most sweat glands and all parasympathetic pathways.

Question 7

Nicotinic receptors always result in ____

Answer 7

Excitation

Question 8

Muscarinic receptor stimulation always results in…

Answer 8

either excitation or inhibition

Question 9

NE receptor stimulation results in…

Answer 9

either excitation or inhibition of effector cell

Question 10

When is NE a hormone vs. a neurotransmitter?

Answer 10

hormone when released by chromaffin cells

NT when released by sympathetic postganglionic neurons

Question 11

Activation of alpha 1 & beta 1 receptors results in…

Answer 11

excitation

Question 12

Activation of alpha 2 & beta 2 receptors results in…

Answer 12

inhibition

Question 13

Beta 3 receptors are only present in…

Answer 13

brown fat

Question 14

Adrenergic receptors can either be ___ or ___

Answer 14

alpha or beta receptors

Question 15

Cholinergic receptors can either be ___ or ___

Answer 15

nicotinic or muscarinic

Question 16

True or false: most cells have both alpha or beta receptors

Answer 16

false, most have either or, not both

some visceral effectors have both

Question 17

True or false: E stimulates alpha receptors more strongly than beta receptors

Answer 17

false, that’s NE.

EPI stimulates both equally

Question 18

Two enzymes that can degrade NE in the liver include…

Answer 18

COMT and MAO

Question 19

What is: substance that binds to and blocks a receptor, preventing a natural neurotransmitter or hormone from exerting its effect

Answer 19

antagonist (parasympatholytic or sympatholytic)

Question 20

Atropine blocks ___ receptors

Answer 20

muscarinic (ACh)

Question 21

What is Atropine used for?

Answer 21

pupil dilation for eye exams
treatment of hypermotility of intestines
counteract warfare agents that inactivate AChE

Question 22

What is: substance that binds to and activates a receptor, mimicking the effect of a natural neurotransmitter or hormone

Answer 22

Agonist (sympathomimetic or parasympathomimetic)

Question 23

What is Propranolol?

Answer 23

a beta blocker used to treat HBP

Question 24

What is a selective beta blocker?

Answer 24

Only blocks beta type 1 OR type 2 but not both

Question 25

The myenteric plexus is found all the way from the __ to the __

Answer 25

esophagus to the anus

Question 26

The submucosal plexus is found all the way between the __ and the __

Answer 26

stomach to the anus

Question 27

The integrating centres of the ANS are...

Answer 27

``` Hypothalamus Limbic system Brain stem Spinal cord Cerebral cortex ```

Question 28

What is: the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity in the body

Answer 28

autonomic tone

Question 29

True or false: all organs in the body have dual innervation

Answer 29

true, with a few exceptions

Question 30

Which structures have SYMPATHETIC INNERVATION ONLY?

Answer 30

``` sweat glands spleen systemic veins adipose tissue pineal gland arrector pili and radial mm of the iris adrenal medulla kidneys neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) ```

Question 31

ONLY ONE STRUCTURE IN THE BODY IS NOT INNERVATED BY THE SYMPATHETIC DIVISION...

Answer 31

the constrictor mm of the iris

Question 32

Lacrimal glands are MOSTLY stimulated by ___ stimulation

Answer 32

parasympathetic

Question 33

Which ANS division favours: rigorous physical activity, rapid ATP production, and reduced energy storage?

Answer 33

SNS

Question 34

What are the EEE situations?

Answer 34

exercise emergency embarassment

Question 35

SNS RESPONSE: blood vessels dilate in the "essential organs" which are:

Answer 35

skeletal mm heart mm liver adipose tissue

Question 35

SNS RESPONSE: blood vessels dilate in the "essential organs" which are:

Answer 35

skeletal mm heart mm liver adipose tissue

Question 36

SNS RESPONSE: blood vessels constrict in the "non-essential organs" which are:

Answer 36

kidneys and GI tract

Question 37

With an SNS response, liver cells undergo __ to increase the amount of glucose available for glycolysis

Answer 37

glycogenolysis

Question 38

With a SNS response, adipose cells undergo lipolysis to make glycerol available for ____

Answer 38

Gluconeogenesis

Question 39

PNS responses prioritize functions that...

Answer 39

conserve & restore energy

Question 40

__ impulses predominate the GI tract over __ impulses

Answer 40

PNS over SNS

Question 41

SLUDD stands for...

Answer 41

``` salivation lacrimation urination digestion defecation ```

Question 42

PNS responses decrease

Answer 42

* HR * airway diameter * pupil diameter

Question 43

The ___ and ___ parts of the hypothalamus control the sympathetic division

Answer 43

posterior & lateral

Question 44

The __ and __ parts of the hypothalamus control the PNS division

Answer 44

anterior & medial

Question 45

Stomach secretion is stimulated by...

Answer 45

distended stomach walls, signal travels via vagus nerve to medulla

Question 46

What is orthostatic HTN?

Answer 46

dysfunction of SNS reflex that normally maintains constant BP