Class 13/14 - Integration/Higher Functions

Question 1

Alpha waves are associated with what mental state?

Answer 1

normal/awake, resting, eyes closed

Question 2

Beta waves in the brain are associated with…

Answer 2

eyes open, active nervous system

Question 3

Theta brain waves are considered normal in ____ but in ___ will appear with emotional stress or brain disorder

Answer 3

children, adults

Question 4

Delta waves are associated with ____ in adults, and are normal in awake infants. When appearing in ___ adults, it’s indicative of brain damage.

Answer 4

deep sleep

awake adults

Question 5

What structure of the hypothalamus establishes the circadian cycle?

Answer 5

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Question 6

____ is the most powerful tool for regulating the sleep-wakefulness cycle

Answer 6

sunlight

Question 7

What is the function of the RAS? Where is it found?

Answer 7

transmits (directly or via thalamus) many nerve impulses to a widespread area of the cerebral cortex leading to generalized activity in the cortex

in the brain stem

Question 8

What does the awake state refer to?

Answer 8

the state of readiness and ability to react consciously to various stimuli

Question 9

The RAS of the RF plays an active role in awakening.

T or F: the EEG of a sleeping person shows a very active cerebral cortex, just like when they are awake.

Answer 9

false

Question 10

Stimuli that can activate the RAS include…

Answer 10

pain 
touch and pressure
limb movement
bright light
auditory stimulation, like the buzz of an alarm clock

Question 11

Sleep consists of two alternating components, which are:

Answer 11

NREM (non REM sleep)

and REM sleep

Question 12

What are the 4 stages of NREM sleep? How long does it take to go from stage 1 to stage 4?

Answer 12

stage 1 - transition
stage 2 - light sleep
stage 3 - moderately deep sleep
stage 4 - deepest sleep

less than one hour

Question 13

NREM sleep is governed by neurons from what brain areas?

Answer 13

preoptic area of the hypothalamus
basal forebrain
medulla oblongata

Question 14

Stage 1 of NREM sleep usually lasts… and is/is not considered a true stage of sleep

Answer 14

1-7 minutes

not a true stage of sleep

Question 15

T/F: Stage 4 NREM sleep will see an absence of reflexes

Answer 15

false, most reflexes are still in tact

Question 16

During the deepest level of sleep, brain metabolism ___ significantly, and the phenomenon of ___ can occur, if at all.

Answer 16

DROPS

sleepwalking

Question 17

REM sleep occurs ~ every __ minutes. The first episode lasts ____ minutes, and the episodes then gradually _____.

Answer 17

90 minutes,

10-20 minutes,

lengthen in duration.

Question 18

Infant sleep is about __% REM sleep

Answer 18

50%

Question 19

Blood flow to the brain and oxygen use are higher during ____ than when awake and doing intense mental or physical activities!!!

Answer 19

REM sleep

Question 20

REM sleep is turned on/off by neurons in the …

Answer 20

pons & midbrain

Question 21

During REM sleep, skeletal mm are paralyzed, parasympathetic activity ____, and most ____ neurons are inhibited

Answer 21

increases

somatic motor

Question 22

Define “plasticity”

Answer 22

when an experience produces persistent structural and functional changes to represent the experience in the brain

Question 23

What kinds of changes happen in the brain with plasticity?

Answer 23

synthesis of a different protein in the neuron
sprouting of new dendrites
changes in the strength of the synapse

Question 24

What areas of the brain are involved in immediate and short term memory?

Answer 24

hippocampus
mammillary bodies
anterior and medial nuclei of the thalamus

Question 25

Short-term memory relies on ____ and ___ events rather than the formation of new synapses or other structural changes.

Answer 25

electrical, chemical

Question 26

What is memory consolidation?

Answer 26

re-enforcement of information from frequent retrieval

Question 27

What types of sleep are most important for memory consolidation?

Answer 27

short-wave sleep (SWS) and REM

Question 28

Amnesia is caused by events which inhibit electrical activity in the brain, preventing retention of recently acquired information but not previously acquired long-term memory. Events such as:

Answer 28

anesthesia coma ECT (electroconvulsive therapy) ischemia

Question 29

Differentiate anterograde from retrograde amnesia:

Answer 29

anterograde: memory loss from events after the trauma or disease (inability to form new memories) retrograde: memory loss of events before the trauma or disease (inability to recall past events) * *most recent memories return last

Question 30

Stimulation of the amygdala results in ___, removal will result in ____

Answer 30

rage lack of fear/aggression and failure to recognize fearful expressions in others

Question 31

Neurons in the hippocampus are capable of ____. They can develop new neurons, even in the elderly.

Answer 31

mitosis

Question 32

The primary somatosensory area is found in the ___ gyrus of the ___ lobe

Answer 32

postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe

Question 33

The primary visual area is found in the ___ lobe

Answer 33

occipital

Question 34

The primary auditory area is found in the ___ part of the ___ lobe

Answer 34

superior part, temporal lobe

Question 35

The primary gustatory area is found in the __ of the ___ gyrus

Answer 35

base of the postcentral gyrus

Question 36

The primary olfactory area is found in the ___ aspect of the ___ lobe

Answer 36

medial aspect of the temporal lobe

Question 37

The primary motor area of the cortex is found in the ____ gyrus of the ___ lobe

Answer 37

precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe

Question 38

Broca's speech area is found in the ___ lobe above the ____ fissure. In 97% of people, this is in the ___ hemisphere

Answer 38

frontal lobe above the lateral fissure Left

Question 39

Somatosensory association area is found ___ to the primary somatosensory area.

Answer 39

posterior

Question 40

Wernicke's area is found in the _____ and ___ lobes.

Answer 40

left temporal and parietal lobes

Question 41

Differentiate Wernicke's vs. Broca's speech areas

Answer 41

Broca's is involved in formation and articulation of words | Wernicke's is involved in understanding speech and translating words into thoughts

Question 42

In 2/3 of the population, Wernicke's area is ___ in the left hemisphere

Answer 42

larger

Question 43

Left hemisphere dominance will go with __ handedness (except for 1/1000 people)

Answer 43

right

Question 44

7/10 people with left handed people will have ____ hemispheric lateralization

Answer 44

LEFT

Question 45

The corpus callosum is a ____ tract containing about ___ million myelinated axons. On average, it is proportionally ____ in females.

Answer 45

commissural 300 million larger in females

Question 46

What are the 4 parts of the corpus callosum?

Answer 46

splenius truncus genu rostrum

Question 47

What is the most common brain malformation in humans?

Answer 47

agenesis of the corpus callosum (still rare)

Question 48

People with corpus callosum agenesis generally have ____ intelligence but cognitive disabilities with complex problem solving and social cue difficulty.

Answer 48

normal

Question 49

__% of a child's brain development happens before age _

Answer 49

90%, 5