midterm 1 Flashcards
(247 cards)
1
Q
what is behaviour?
A
A change in time and space. An observable movement or action, or sequence of movements and actions by an animal (including humans)
Neuroscience likes to explain how behaviour changes over time, quantifiable
2
Q
what is learning?
A
The process by which changes in behaviour arise as a result of an organism’s experience interacting with the world
3
Q
what is motivation?
A
the proximal or proximate causes or “why” of behaviour
4
Q
what is memory?
A
The organism’s internal record of past experiences, acquired through learning
5
Q
what processes are involved in memory?
A
acquisition (encoding), storage (retention), and retrieval of information
6
Q
what is acquisition of memory?
A
encoding of new information or, learning
7
Q
what is storage of memory?
A
Retention and the “Engram”
8
Q
what is retrieval of memory?
A
Ecphoric processes
9
Q
what is explicit memory?
A
Recognition, recall, cued recall.
10
Q
what is implicit memory?
A
Priming
11
Q
what is maturation?
A
Persistent change in behaviour… but not through experience or learning processes per se. Biological development (driven mostly by heredity). Can be maturational processes at all levels of the phenotype: Getting bigger, taller, stronger, but also maturational changes in the brain.
12
Q
what is performance?
A
An activity or behaviour that leads to a (measurable) result.
* Often the dependent variable of learning
13
Q
is learning a behaviour?
A
Yes according to behaviourists, but no to others because memory is not a behaviour
14
Q
learning is…
A
an enduring change in the mechanisms of behaviour involving specific stimuli and/or responses that results from prior experience with those or similar stimuli and responses
15
Q
what plays a role in learning?
A
Experience plays a role in learning and the adjustment of behaviour
16
Q
what can be easy to misconstrue with learning?
A
Easy to misconstrue learning with maturation.
Maturation = nervous system will gain precision, part of the developmental process to start chaotic and then refine. Even motor learning beyond maturation can be find tuned through learning if you give the right feedback
17
Q
what were watson and skinner?
A
behaviourists
18
Q
what did watson and skinner (or all behaviourists) believe?
A
believed that behaviour is something that can be seen, they did not believe in mentalistic processes (problem solving, attention, motivation) — they were against cognitive psych. If you can’t see it, it is not part of behaviourism and they believed not part of psychology
19
Q
when did the cognitive revolution occur and what did it change?
A
In the 60s the cognitive revolution occurred following behaviourism, where cognitive processes were recognized as being fundamental
20
Q
how did behaviourists attempt to explain motivation – how do you explain how reinforcement works?
A
A series of concepts were developed (originally called drive; however that still can’t be seen) that ended up as being motivation. Behaviourists acknowledged that a hypothetical construct is necessary
21
Q
what are hypothetical constructs?
A
something we don’t know if it actually exists, but the knowledge of the term is important,
eg. Gravity can’t be seen but it is clearly important in other behaviours
22
Q
what is cognitive psychology full of?
A
Cognitive psychology is full of hypothetical constructs and intervening variables
23
Q
what are intervening variables?
A
variables used to define hypothetical constructs, how do you quantify motivation?
eg. Attention can be used for example, a way of measuring something that is abstract
24
Q
how did behaviourists attempt to explain motivation (after hypothetical constructs)?
A
At the time, behaviourists explained things with metabolic data (still can’t be seen; but they recognized the importance of physiology — behaviourists did not see the brain as being relevant)
25
what is the behaviourist example for metabolic reasoning behind motivation?
Metabolism for example could explain hunger as a method for motivation — food leads to drive
26
what is motivation?
mentalistic, you may see the consequences but not motivation itself.
27
what did the "why of behaviour" aspect of the definition of motivation spark?
so important that functionalists thought psychology should be called motivology (science of motivation) — very contrasting point of view that behaviourists
28
what was wrong with the definition of learning as the acquisition/encoding of behaviour?
the problem is that learning is not just encoding (neural theorem network however suggests it is pruning, keep the connections that work and get rid of what is in the way/not giving reinforcement)
29
what is the bias to define learning as?
acquisition only, the problem is how long is it staying there? And what is the process of recalling learned information?
30
what did behaviourists think about the acquisition aspect of memory?
Behaviourists did not believe the acquisition aspect was important — didn’t see memory as being relevant. But then how does that work? Behaviourists said learned behaviours somehow stick but did not explain why?
31
how many stages is memory seen as?
three stages
32
storage of memory - are all memories stored?
No. There are different types of memory: iconic, sensory, conscious/unconscious
33
what kind of process is retrieval of memory?
euphoric processes — big difference between explicit/implicit memories
34
what is priming of memory?
you have information in your brain that you may not be aware of, priming can be tested in cognitive psychology. Priming can be explained by old learning theories, eg. Classical conditioning
35
example of implicit memory?
French clinical neuropsychologist had a patient with dementia that was not recalling info. He would have to keep reintroducing himself. One day, he had the idea to prick her palm every time he introduced and shook her hand, causing her to pull away. He had a suspicion that maybe some memories (amygdala) are encoded and will be there no matter. He found that eventually she would pull back from the handshake, despite saying she doesn’t recognize him. Implicit memory emerged in the 80s. William James had published work on conscious/unconscious memory previously
36
what kind of memory is classical conditioning?
implict
37
what kind of memory is operant conditioning?
explicit
38
how are most phobias acquired?
through classical conditioning - people do not remember how they acquired a phobia for something
39
what needs to happen for operant conditioning to work?
need to be aware of the contingency - very explicit/conscious
40
what does amygdala do?
very good at encoding information that cannot be put into words — amygdala detects potentially dangerous stimuli, that is why it can pick up on these, this is paired on context
41
what kind of memory does the amygdala hold?
implicit memory
42
what is classical conditioning behind?
a lot of unconscious behaviours
43
how does the school system assess intelligence?
through grades (performance) = merit based system (however, it is ableist)
44
how is motivation studied in psychology?
through performance, since learning and motivation are so intimately correlated we assume that the same measured can be used
45
what is motivation correlated with?
performance/learning
46
what is one of the problems with behaviourism?
that there was often an assumption there was little individual variability — data can be modelled by learning curves
47
why are simple systems used in science?
to reduce variability - thats why zebrafish are often used
48
what are idiographic studies?
the study of the individual, who is seen as a unique agent with a unique life history
49
what are nomoethic studies?
the study of groups of people or cases for the purpose of discovering those general and universally valid laws
50
what kind of measure is performance?
dependent measure - complicated to study
51
is learning translated into performance?
not always, but you measure learning by measuring performance
52
what is piagets definition of intelligence?
“what you do when you don’t know what to do” - very biological definition
53
what does piagets definition of intelligence tap into?
Very biological definition of intelligence — taps into individual adaptation and novelty
54
what is adaptation in intelligence?
intelligence organizes the world by organizing itself
55
what was Thorndike's idea of intelligence?
trial and error idea, he opened the door to learning theory/operant conditioning as it is today
56
what were Cattell's theories of intelligence?
fluid (in the moment) vs. Crystallized (already in place) intelligence
57
what is Gardner's theory of multiple intelligence?
All kinds of different sociocognitive domains of intelligence — relevant because must of the learning we discuss is instrumental, but there is also social learning theory which is social-affective
58
s factor vs. g factor?
The “g” factor is linked to the general ability, while the “s” factor is linked to the specific ability
59
instrumental vs. social affective intelligence
?
60
when you try to teach individuals something (training w animals) is it a sign of intelligence if they can learn?
learning is one thing, but not everything about intelligence
61
What is the stanley coren list?
ranked dogs based on trainability and not intelligence or problem-solving ability
- He made a clear point in the book, some breeds are highly trainable and learn quickly, the problem is that other breeds are good at problem solving — this is also a part of intelligence (Piaget quote)
62
what is knowledge?
cognition and metacognition
63
what is cognition?
what you know - what you gain through experience and learning and retain for future use)
64
what is metacognition
what you know or think you know/don't know what you know
humans are bad at this
65
how did the ancient greek divide the mind?
into 3 parts
Cognitive part (intellectual), motivation part (conative), emotional part (affective)
66
are the three parts of the brain interconnected?
yes - for example, emotions can interfere with or improve learning
67
what do you have to do when conceptualizing the three parts of the brain?
put it into context - the physical and social environment
68
what can you do with the 3 domains of the brain?
divide them into the disciplines they concern, a;; are massively interconnected
69
what does the nature/nurture debate have to do with?
how we see the interaction between genes (biology) and the environment
70
who revolutionized the nature/nurture debate?
Kuo -- brought up the idea of traditional epigenetics, not one or the other but the complex interaction between btoh
71
kuo's equation?
G + E + (G x E)
G = genes
E = environment (can include culture)
This means that you can never separate genes from environment or nature vs nurture, it is a fallacy to think you can do so
72
example of the complexity of nature/nurture?
Complexity stems from the fact that for any given behaviour, there are components that may be more genetic or more environmental
One of the most genetically determined thing is height, but that is always in relation to the kind of environment youre in (Traditional example is the plant and the type of soil it is in) — highly inherited, but you can still have stunted growth even if your parents are super tall, eg. nutrition
73
what is imprinting?
innate instinct, a baby gosling when they hatch find their mom and follow their mom
74
what was the debate of imprinting?
Biologists said that following instinct was innate, then psychologies said that they thought learning processes were actually going on
Debate as to whether imprinting is learned or innate? It is both. It is a reversible process thanks to learning, but the initial response is in fact innate, the following response. What happens later is foggy and a combination of the two.
75
when did biologists/psychologists agree that nature/nurture is a combo?
by the 70s
76
what behaviours are more innate than others?
- newborns swimming
- grooming patterns in rodents
77
what is the grooming pattern in rodents an example of?
In 1973 he published a paper. Experimental group had their front limbs amputated (this would impede the normal grooming sequence). At the age that the control group started grooming themselves, the rodents were given prosthetics. If this was innate, they would do it the same way with the prosthetics. They immediately got into a perfectly normal grooming sequence. This means that there are some innate behaviours — grooming.
78
what disciplines have a strong nurture bias
The social sciences and “humanistic” psychology still have a strong nurture bias — they believe this removes the component of free will (I decided to do this, not biology — this can still be partially true)
Exception of evolutionary psychology and biological anthropology
79
what was the very first part of psychology?
association
80
what was the first school of psychology?
structuralism - Vundt, germany 1879
81
what was after strucutralism?
Soon after that we got functionalism (William James, thorndike)
82
what happened at roughly the same time as functionalism?
behaviourists started (Watson came in within the last century to create behaviourism — was inspired by the Russian physiologist Pavlov)
83
what did pavlov propose?
Pavlov was talking about classical conditioning (Pavlovian conditioning) proposed that most behaviours could be learned through classical conditioning — this had good momentum from 20s-80s
84
when did cognitivism gain prevalance?
60s-70s
85
what did behaviourism suggest?
Behaviourism suggests that it explains everything, also they do not like that psychology would talk about anything other than behaviour — thought the only thing that matters is what you can see (don’t talk about cognitions, emotions, motivations — none of the three circles of psychology and this is because they are mentalistic)
86
in what issues are behaviourism important?
autism, PTSD
87
what is antiquity?
at some point in conditioning/learning theory you have to talk about mentalistic processes (learning, anticipation) — lots of classical conditioning revolves around these
88
what processes do you see classical conditioning in?
gambling
89
how did aristotle suggest associations were made?
made through acquisition (learning), Aristotle thought there was a huge difference between acquisition in animals and humans but that there must be some rules
90
what did behaviourists try to do?
come up with rules (like physics) for behaviours, this is why they thought it had to revolve around what you can see
91
what discipline are mostly dualists?
Lots of psychologists are dualists, lots of neuroscientists are monoists
92
what does dualism refer to?
Separation between the mind and brain in dualism — psychologyy
93
who pushed dualism in the western culture?
In western culture we have been influenced by Descartes who suggested they were different things — interactionist dualism
Not supported in the east or sciences
94
what did behaviourists think about neuroscience?
Behaviourists seemed to think that you don’t need neuroscience to explain behaviour, except fundamentally this doesn’t make sense — behaviour is produced from the brain (this is why behaviourism is not accepted in neuroscience now)
95
what did descartes beleive?
- believed a lot of things were in place at birth and couldn’t be changed later
- believed that animals had no mind/soul — has affected the ethics used in neuro as compared to humans, this is slowly changing now. A lot of the ethics we have now is based on agency, consciousness and self awareness
- Descartes was the origin of the idea that animals lack consciousness/awareness/emotions
96
lots of psychology is still...
cartesian (dualist)
97
what has empiricism from the UK done?
involved the extremely scientific approach to science at the time
Locke — knowledge is from experience
Hume — association
98
who suggested relativism?
kant
99
what did william james suggest?
Learning of habits (distinct part, hard to ever get ride of) and new memories
Suggested psychology is the study of the mind (what you can’t see) and behaviour (what you can see) — sees them as separate but somewhat connected
100
what does william james subscribe to?
associationist - elaborated on work of aritostle, "first" cognitive psychologist
101
what did james write about a lot?
networks of connections to form memories — sounds a lot like neural network theory
102
when was william james alive?
1842-1910
103
what are some of the key influences in the biological roots of psychology?
Sechenov: preceded pavlov, reflexes of the brain
Pavlov: conditioned reflexes
Darwin: influenced thorndike and skinner — big impact in functionalism
104
who suggested continuity between humans and animals?
darwin -- influenced comparative psychologists
105
what comparative psychologists were influenced by darwin?
Romanes — anecdotes, animal/human continuity
Morgan — Morgans canon
106
what is morgans canon?
Morgans canon, says that always choose the simpler option (law of parsimony — behaviourists pushed this to the extreme)
107
what did the schools that proceed behaviourism proceed all use?
introspection
108
what did structuralism begin as?
an experimental and biological science
109
what was functionalilsm influenced by?
Darwin - led to James, Woodworth, Thorndike
110
what was the history of the beliefs in psychology?
Structuralism — functionalism — behaviourism — cognitivism — post-cognitivism
111
who followed gestaltism?
Wertheimer, koffka and kohler (guy that noticed that maybe chimps could have thoughts)
112
when was edward thorndike alive?
1874-1949
113
who was thorndike?
student of william james
114
what did thorndike create?
Creator of the puzzle box for cats — not natural for them, required trial and error
Slowly they would get faster and faster about the resolution of that problem
You can trace a learning curve on this in terms of reduction of errors
115
what did thorndike start?
Trial and error learning and problem solving
Law of effect: consequences of behaviours matter (+ or -)
In many ways, father of instrumental conditioning
116
what did thorndike argue?
He argues that the psychology of learning should centre on the search for the rules describing how, when and to what degree associations among stimuli and responses are increase or decreased through experience
Suggests that behaviour is lawful
117
when was watson alive?
1878-1958
118
what did watson suggest?
Psychology is too subjective, needs to become a hard science, experimental, with no introspection and no mentalistic concepts. We should focus on OBSERVABLE behaviours.
119
what did watson think about mentalist concepts?
they shouldn't be studied, only behaviour can because it can be observed
120
what did watson think about public events?
Public events should be the subject of a science of behaviour, not private events (eg. Emotions)
Rejection of hypothetical (theoretical) constructs and intervening variables
Performance is used to assess motivation as well
121
what were the four main historical steps of behaviourism?
Early or methodological behaviourism: Watson (1924)
Radial behaviourism: skinner, behavioural analysis
Operational or theoretical behaviourism: Hull, Tolman, Rachlin, Station
Modern Neo-behaviourism
122
what is early or methodological behaviourism?
Watson (1924)
Closely follows the principle of methodological behaviourism: only observable is worth studying (no memory, emotions, things you can’t see)
By the 50s/60s there was a group of behaviourists admitting this wouldn’t work, started having doubts with the concept of motivation
123
who supported radical behaviourism?
skinner
124
who supported operational or theoretical behaviourism?
Hull, Tolman, Rachlin, Station
125
what was operational behaviourism trying to do?
Admitted issues in behaviourism, tried to solve this problem by using operational definitions
126
example of operational definitions?
If people can’t agree on memory or stress, need to make a concrete definition — eg. When recruiting people for research
When you do observational studies, sometimes you might actually wonder whether or not a behaviour meets a certain definition
127
what is modern neo behaviourism?
More advanced, sometimes you can’t tell the difference between them and cognitivists
Connectionists/neural network people = neo behaviourists
128
what is hypothetical construct?
Inferred but untested, not operationally defined
Came up with the idea of mental maps — before skinner came up with the box, they were using mazes a lot. What Tolman figured out that rats had a mental map of the maze (memorized where to go — sounds like representation in cognitive psychology) — this was the first sign that some behaviourists were starting to use hypothetical construct
Cannot be observed directly
Properties and implications not demonstrated in empirical search
Intelligence, motivation, personality, stress, emotions, moods
Common in hard sciences (eg. Physics with gravity)
129
what are intervening variables?
Hypothetical internal, covert, implicit state
Inferred, summary of empirical data; operationally defined
Cannot be obsessed directly at least not initially
The variable used to address an hypothetical construct
130
who gets credit for intervening variables?
tolman 1938
131
when was skinner alive?
1904-1990
132
what did skinner believe?
Very against private events
Stick to simple empirical correlations between S and R (no black box)
No references to the brain needed, no references to mind needed
Behind “behaviour analysis” and “applied behaviour analysis”
133
what kind of experiment did skinner run?
Methodology: operant experiments — Skinner box
Before that: puzzle box (thorndike), but mostly mazes were used
134
what did skinner believe about relationships?
he said that relationships based on intermittent reinforcement schedules are much harder to break up than relationships based on continuous reinforcements (repetitive)
Relationships with inconsistency are much harder to end (similar to addiction) — in a sense, he was kind of right, if you are on an intermittent schedule of reinforcement it is much harder to get rid of those thoughts/behaviours, continuous reinforcement is easier — not suggesting that people do this consciously, but through couple theory he could analyze this
135
what does operant mean?
Suggests that an action on the environment (the observable behaviour) — in other words, the organism operates on the environment
The reinforcer increases the rate/frequency/probability of the response, may also increase duration or intensity
136
what is true about taste aversion?
often a one time thing, you do not need to be exposed to it over and over again. You just need one time, really difficult to extinguish later.
The reason why people don’t remember why they acquire phobias is because it was a one time thing, it isn’t usually acquired due to repeated exposure
137
pavlovian nature is often...
unconscious — why it is so difficult to get rid of, because you are not aware of the contingencies
138
what is thorndikes idea as it relates to behaviour?
you learn things from consequences
139
what are the three big influences in psychology?
skinner (radical behaviourism), hull and holman (operational/theroetical behaviourism)
140
what is respondent conditioning?
controlled by antecedents, elicited, respondent, classical or pavlovian conditioning, stimulus or SO learning
141
what is operant conditioning?
controlled by consequences, emitted, operant, instrumental or skinnerian conditioning, response learning or RO learning
142
what is the ABC acronym in behavioural analysis?
antecedants -- behaviour -- consequences
143
example of respondent conditioning?
pavlov dog
144
example of operant conditioning?
rat pressing lever in skinner box
145
Tolman dates and name?
Edward C. Tolman
1886 - 1959
146
key contributions of tolman in terms of behaviour?
operational behaviourism - hypothetical or theoretical constructs and intervening variables
147
what concepts did tolman help to develop?
motivation, anticipation, expectancy, purposive behaviourism, reinforcement
148
what kind of learning did tolman believe in?
S-S learning as opposed to S-R
149
tolman key to remember!!
cognitive/mental maps in spatial learning and beyond
150
what is latent learning (tolman)?
learning that is unconnected to a positive or negative consequence and that remains undetected (latent) until explicit demonstrated at a laters stage
151
clark name and dates?
Clark L Hull (1884-1952)
152
key contributions of hull?
accepts hypothetical/theoretical constructs and intervening variables, motivation, hypothetico-deductive theory
153
what did hull develop a theory of?
reinforcement based on drive reduction (initially at least), later developed ideas around an incentive theory of motivation
154
what did hulls theory of incentive theory of motivation follow from?
crespi, theory about anticipate of reward
155
what discipline did hull draw from?
mathematical models of learning
156
who was Hulls famous studeny?
Hull-Spence theory
157
what was the study of memory?
early cognitive psychology
158
ebbinghaus name and date?
hermann ebbinghaus (1850-1909)
159
what was ebbinghaus known as?
first cognitivist
160
what was ebbinghaus interested in?
interested in forgetting -- why learning is not permanetn
161
what belief system did ebbinghaus subscribe to?
structuralist - very much about self-reports
162
what did ebbinghaus propose?
that psychology of memory could also become a rigorous natural science defined by precise mathematical law
163
what did ebbinghaus come up with?
retention curve, similar to learning curve
164
what is subject bias?
the influence a subject’s prior knowledge or expectations can have (consciously or unconsciously) on the outcome of an experiment
*people often like animals because they don’t do this*
165
what is the solution to subject bias?
single-blind design — don’t tell them exactly what the experiment is about
166
what is experimenter bias?
the influence an experimenter’s prior knowledge or expectations can have (consciously or unconsciously) on the outcome of an experiment
167
solution to experimenter bias?
double blind design — don’t tell the person doing the experiment all of the details, so they don’t bias data collection based on what they know
168
social learning and social learning theory roots?
some is behaviourist, some cognitivist
169
what are the behavioural influences in social learning?
dollard and miller, rotter, bandura
170
what are the cognitive influences in social learning?
social cognition
171
what is the neuroscience influence in social learning?
mirror neurons
172
what are mirror neurons?
Don’t really know their impact, could connect well with social learning through imitation
Mirror neuron theory might be very limited in these scope of what it can explain, some people want it to explain a lot more
173
what occurred in the 60s to 70s?
the cognitive revolution
174
what were the key players in european cognitivism?
Piaget, vygotsky, gestalt psychology (koffka, Kohler, wetheimer)
175
what approach did the US take in the 60s and 70s?
Information processing approach in the US (based on information theory and cybernetics)
176
what was the computer metaphor?
Rise of the computer “metaphor” — based on theory developed by engineers, mathematical theory. Both mentalistic and mathematical
177
what was george miller's theory in psychology?
information theory, 7 +/- 2 alternative values
eg. for remembering phone numbers
178
what is the criticism of representationalism?
poverty of the stimulus
179
what was the integration that occurred during the cognitive revolution?
Integration of other cognitive processes in the understanding of learning beyond motivation, eg. Attention (mackintosh), memory (honig)
180
what is most of cognitive neuroscience?
studying representations, some say this is a problem because the focus is not on the actual environment being processed. This is especially true with sensory modalities, humans are not very good at olfaction and we happen to make olfaction a lot more about the stimulus — not actually the stimuli.
181
what occurred in the 80s to 90s?
neuroscientism -- rise of the brain
182
what is neuroscience?
not just one science, but is a multidisciplinary science that focuses on the brain
183
who massively influenced the neuro revolution?
Donald Hebb
184
how is memory linked to learning neuro?
Memory is theoretically and pragmatically linked to learning
185
how did neuro solidify the importance of motivation?
via physiological studies of metabolism, behavioural endocrinology, etc
186
what did gluck come up with?
Rise of connectionism and parallel distributed processing models of learning: neural networks
187
what came out in 1986?
theory of parallel distributed processing (PDP), now connectionism came up
they were describing a theory that was very science based, first book was computational programming, second one was physiology/neuroscience
188
what is learning a process of?
Learning is about acquiring new information and getting rid of unnecessary info — a process of pruning, the ones not pruned are the connections that will survive. Not just acquiring new information but putting wrong information aside
189
where are we in psych today?
Very much into neurocognitive theories, cognitivism and neo-cognitivism or post-cognitivism
190
where are most behaviourists?
in the US
191
what is neo-cognitivism and post-cognitivism?
Includes connectionism (mentioned previously): from Hebb to PDP
Poverty of the stimulus, relied too hard on mental representations and it might not be necessary
In a way, Piaget, Gibson (perceptual learning), etc. are part of this school
192
what does Embodied cognition, situated cognition, distributed cognition, enactivsim believ?
Idea that cognitivism is not just the mind/brain
Maybe we have to expand our thinking about cognition
193
psyconeuroimmunology?
1989 though it was going to be - connects learning theory wiht nervous system
194
what happened in halifax in the 90s?
sick building syndrome, conditioned physiological responses
195
biofeedback?
Biofeedback is based on mostly classical, sometimes operant conditioning
Used in relaxation techniques — will teach you to make unconscious things conscious to help you relax
196
criminonology?
Is serial killers behaviour learned or innate? Or both?
Can be hard to tell, there are some evidences of structural similarity in serial killers but also the environment can play a large role
197
types of therapy?
Behaviour therapy and applied behavioural analysis
Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT)
Acceptance and commitment theory (ACT) based on relational frame theory
Dialectical behaviour therapy
198
hebb years?
1904-1985
199
nick mackintosh years?
1935-2015
200
nick mackintosh what did he do?
Came up with theory of attention in classical conditions — saying that a lot of learning has to do with what you pay attention to
201
bruce moore years?
1936-2006
202
bruce moore what did he do?
Hand raising and imprinting of Chimo the seal
203
moore comment about jenkins paper?
look into the (skinner) box
204
skinner box findings?
????
205
Werner Honig years?
1932-2000
206
Werner Honig what did he do?
Developed the mnemonic theory (working memory)
207
what is simple learning?
learning about repeated events (aka single event learning)
208
types of learning by repetition?
habitation, sensitization, familiarization, priming, perceptual learning, spatial learning
209
what is habitation?
you are exposed to a stimulus, because you are exposed to it you react less and less
210
what is sensitization?
increase in responses as stimulus persists
211
what is familiarization?
rather big concept that overlaps with others, as you get more familiar with something — doesn’t get you to a specific process (*the others do)
212
what is priming?
implicit memory, as you are exposed to something (even if you aren’t aware, you are primed) you are more likely to remember things by going to class because you heard the word.
213
what is perceptual learning?
stimuli that are experienced are easier to discriminate later — invariance is being able to tell the difference between things
214
what is spatial learning?
works by repetition (potentially an example of incidental learning)
Can be explicit (make an effort) or implicit (picked it up by going before) — depends on the situation
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habituation and an example?
the gradual reduction in response to a stimulus that is repeatedly presented and processed by the organism (not talking about habituation in terms of sensory, just talking about the learning component)
finch and owl
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why do we habituate?
It is economical — if you were always paying attention to new things that could be very problematic
It is not permanent — spontaneous recovery can occur and you can dishabituate
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habituation of salivation in humans?
If you look at something really sour (lemon juice or lime juice) — you can induce salivation very easily by putting it on the tip of the tongue
Lemon juice will result in a reduction of response, then if you shift and use lime juice and on the 12th trial go back to lemon juice the response will bounce back — means that habituation is very stimulus specific
Both lemon and lime juice induce the same response, this gap in trials between the two is dishabituation
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is habituation fatigue?
no
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is habitation stimulus specific?
yes
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parenting and health habituation example?
The way to do it that has scientific data, give a tiny piece. Then three weeks later do it again. After 20 times, a lot of times the kid will at least tolerate the broccoli
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can taste aversion be solved through habituation?
beyond preference — you have to break classical conditioning in this case
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what is massed stimulus presentation
Massed: one after another, habituation occurs faster and spontaneous recovery is likely and fast
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what is spaced habituation?
habituation is slower but it lasts for longer.
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what happens with startle and orienting responses over time?
Initially lots of reactions but that drops off with more trials
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characteristics of habituation?
Usually advantageous and adaptive
Very stimulus specific
Context is still very important
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context of habiutation?
deers are more weary of humans during hunting season
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important factors in habituation?
How startling or surprising the stimulus is
How many times the stimulus is experienced (its actual frequency)
The inter-stimulus interval (the interval between presentations)
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what do ethologists study?
Ethologists directly study and analysis behaviour
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what do ethologists and behaviourists agree with?
Ethologists and behaviourists agreed on one thing — the science of psychology should be about behaviour and not mentalistic concepts, but they went about this in completely different ways:
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ethologists vs. behaviourism how they study?
Ethologists did it in the field, psychologists in the lab
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who is lolordo?
Classical conditioning specialist at Dal
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what does gadbois do in his lab?
Gadbois takes advantage of natural pattern sequences and behaviours (appreciates that animals do know certain things). Eg. Maybe start with hunting dogs when studying odours because they have already been trained in this
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post/neo cognitivism schools?
situated, embodied, distributed, connectionism, dynamism, enactivism
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situation cognition?
cant just study in lab conditions
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embodied cognition?
not just the brain, but the whole body (eg. Seen though gut theory)
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distributed cognition?
in some animal species the nervous system is massively distributed, maybe we cannot generalize the nervous system in animals
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connectionism?
parallel distributed processing models, neural networks
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dynamism?
complex dynamic systems, more common in neuro than psych
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enactivsm?
crucial to perceptual learning — JJ Gibson and his wife Eleanor came up with this theory
Favourite theory in neuro and bio
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perception-action theory
a POV that doesn’t deny the importance of cognition and emotion, but really the only way to understand learning and motivation is to study the organisms interaction with its environment — this give rise to affordances
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affordance and contextualism start?
affordance = pscyh, ethology = contextualism
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affordance and contextualism idea?
Manipulate/modify the environment vs. Manipulate the behaviour
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affordance?
Criticizing behaviourism on the idea that it is just not natural (nothing natural for a rat in a skinner box) — you cannot expect normal behaviours in abnormal environments because evolution made sure their behaviour was normal in the affordances given to them
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JJ gibson theory of affordance?
alking about direct perception — idea that you are sensing (not the study of sensation), not studying perception but studying perceiving. You are not studying olfaction but studying sniffing,
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what did eleanor gibson work with?
She worked on perceptual learning a lot with her husband — it is actually expert learning in a sense, typically takes a long time
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examples of affordance training?
wine tasting, bird watching
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what is affordance training?
anything that is high skilled in the sensory modalities can be perceptual learning
Very implicit, incidental learning — through exposure you learn things (almost by accident)
