midterm 2 Flashcards

Question

studying sensitization/habituation?

Answer 1

Can use a series of dependent variables — a lot of these are parts of the polygraph and studies used in sleep clinics What are the best measures? Depends. Autonomic nervous systems measures differ a lot, they don’t always cross correlate.

Answer 2

- GSR - EDA - thermal response - cardiac markers - other polygraph measures

Answer 3

- GSR (galvanic skin response) or EDA (electro-dermal activity) can be used to monitor the autonomic nervous system (ANS) response - GSR might be too sensitive — any little disruption and the person would have a strong response. This adds a lot of noise - Simple versions of EDA can be bought and used at home — form a biofeedback. Get feedback at a certain threshold, eg. Beeping, and cause you to react

Answer 4

With organisms that don’t sweat a thermal response can be used (eg. Thermal cameras, these are less obtrusive)

Answer 5

All the cardiac markers work as well: ECG, heart rate, blood pressure, etc.

Answer 6

- Challenge with these are that you need a baseline — this is why apple watches can be good because they take daily measurements - Might be able to pick up responses on one test and not another, depends on the individual

Answer 7

- found pattern in these — some people have huge reactions to some things and not others, depends on the person. Found this is constant throughout life. - Intersection between geography and psychology here — tracking patterns, can assess your ability to monitor and control

Answer 8

says that habituation and sensitization posits are both activated at the same time States that they can both be defined and discussed and are measurable

Answer 9

Process: the physiological mechanisms involved

Answer 10

Effects: the observable consequences or behaviours (response)

Answer 11

- Both processes are adaptive - Not always adaptive to keep responding to some stimuli (eg. crying baby -- which we do have an initial physiological reaction to)

Answer 12

So it is not H or S but rather H and S, but the connections between the sensory neurons (input) and motor neurons (output) is what matters, and changes over time.

Answer 13

- Complex theory (gadbois favourite) - Emotional regulation for high arousal events (skydiving, bungie jumping) is very well explained by the OPT

Answer 14

- Initial fear response becomes weaker (habituates faster) — first jump, overwhelmed by fear. Once you land the first time it is accompanied by relief. The theory thinks that is what people are after. The fear is not what is fun, what is potentially intriguing is the elation you experience when you experience it - Rebound exhilaration response becomes stronger — allows elation response to either increase or be more salient (obvious)

Answer 15

- The rebound is triggered by the initial response - Both underlying processes are associated with emotional arousal

Answer 16

- With times exposure will increase the sense of “sameness” of familiarity - Studied via novel object recognition — you get a sense of familiarity, having seen something before.

Answer 17

Problem (seen through mnemonic theory) is that it is very context specific and at a context of time

Answer 18

Recognition memory is usually in reference to something you have already seen

Answer 19

if prof sees someone in a different environment, may not ‘recognize’ you, the problem is context. When you’re exposed to so many people, in context they will recognize you. Outside of context it might not be as obvious.

Answer 20

- Unconscious effect of an exposure, often repeated - Implicit memory - Change from physiological psychology — now cognitive or neuro - Repeated exposure with a stimulus will actually prime, at the very least, that stimulus if not related stimuli - Priming is unconscious and lasts long

Answer 21

Idea is if you’re exposed to something, you will recall that first later. Eg. Have a conversation about healthcare professions, later on if someone asks you to name a profession you will name one of those first

Answer 22

The blue jay example (p. 88-89 of Gluck et al): Exposure to different species of moth (without reinforcement), will facilitate moth detection and discrimination later on

Answer 23

is conscious and does not last long; it is also very context-specific

Answer 24

Unclear if we are dealing with two different processes - We don’t know how it exactly works but it is very documented - We think specific parts of the cortex are activated in these processes, thought limbic system was involved but no obvious proof of that

Answer 25

Example: famous case is HM — triangle tower, you have to move them through three pegs and reconstitute the tower. Very specific sequence is needed. HM was asked to do it, first time took a while, with time he got better and faster (like most people). Thing is, every time he was exposed to the tower he would claim he had never seen it before. --> This is priming, unconscious/implicit memory

Answer 26

all via stimulus repetition

Answer 27

Perceptual priming Lexical/semantic/conceptual priming Affective and kindness priming Associative or context priming

Answer 28

involves the extra striate cortex (part of occipital cortex: V3, V4, V5/MT)

Answer 29

involves the left prefrontal lobe

Answer 30

based on the positive or negative valence of prime

Answer 31

basic contextual/cue conditioning?

Answer 32

Being exposed to stimuli over and over will change the way you perceive them (exposing yourself to a variation of these stimuli, statistical learning, often unconscious)

Answer 33

discrimination

Answer 34

- Wine is a wine is a wine? Not to a sommelier - Rash is a rash is a rash? Not to a dermatologist - Thrush is a thrush is a thrush? Not to a seasoned birdwatcher - These nuances aren’t clear to people that are not trained/experienced with these things

Answer 35

latent learning. Because unconscious and not dependent on reinforcement it is like habituation, sensitization and priming

Answer 36

statistical learning

Answer 37

it is long lasting, if not permanent - priming is a lot more fleeting

Answer 38

dual process theory

Answer 39

It is about perceptual invariance, simpler way to say this: it is about identifying the difference. See the difference, hear the difference. That is what discrimination is.

Answer 40

wolves vs. Cayotes — immediate difference in size, nose, eyes, tail. Trained people can see so many differences. Interestingly, that is so remarkable when you realize that people in movies sub a German Shepard for a wolf. If you knew the difference, you would think that is obviously dumb. If you don’t know to look for differences, interestingly you won’t see them

Answer 41

Another form of latent learning, often implicit

Answer 42

Tolman and Honzik (1930): rats in mazes

Answer 43

Operation training (food at the end of the maze) vs. Exploration — behaviourists at the time believed in responses you could see. The rat basically memorizes the route, tolman thought if it was that specific to the response, I am going to make them go through the same maze but flooded. Interestingly, the rat could still find the way. Not based on motor responses but on mental map. Might be based on both, individual differences.

Answer 44

Trained rats learn faster initially Explorer rate learn better at end — may take longer initially, but remember better

Answer 45

hippocampal learning striatal learning

Answer 46

learning a navigational map (the mental map for the psychologists or the search image for the ethologists) — indeed based on mental representation

Answer 47

learning motor navigation (turns): motor learning of spatial learning — striatal system that records this moments and sequence of them, basal ganglia domain

Answer 48

Conditioning allows you to get familiarized with your environment so you can adapt to it (individual adaptation)

Answer 49

you need the right mental/motivational state

Answer 50

not completely separate topics Eg. Pavlov is always on your shoulder even when working with skinner

Answer 51

the law of effect - thorndike - Association between a stimulus and response, ie. it is about S-R learning

Answer 52

S-R association strengthened if S followed by a satisfying event S-R association weakened if S followed by an annoying event

Answer 53

motivational states

Answer 54

Examples: saying thank you, tipping - You are aware of contingencies — you are manipulating the other person, both sides are implicated - Dialectical in social interactions, may not be aware you are doing it, but you are playing that game of conditioning

Answer 55

- Prof in an American uni that decided to make a point. He would compliment all the female students that would show up to class dressed in red, on a typical day not that many. This is an example of classical conditioning (implicit) - Students then decided to play a game with this guy. The following year the students decided to condition him (instrumental, although might be a mix)

Answer 56

1. Reward — increases the behaviour, 2. Punishment 3. Omission — not doing something 4. Avoidance/escape — avoiding or escaping an aversive stimulus

Answer 57

- Negative doesn’t mean bad — instead just describes a process of what you are doing - Positive punishment is the worst form of punishment! Don’t take it semantically. It is positive in the sense that you use something you add — eg. Electrical shock.

Answer 58

- Avoidance: the unpleasant (aversive) S / event has not occurred yet (procrastination) - Escape: the unpleasant (aversive) S / event is occurring in the moment

Answer 59

When a behaviour prevents the occurrence of a good outcome

Answer 60

important hehehhhh

Answer 61

anything that will increase the probability/rate/duration/liklihood of a response

Answer 62

anything that will reduce the probability/rate/duration/liklihood of a response

Answer 63

That is not what you think is reinforcement/punishment but rather what the subject thinks is reinforcement/punishment — it is subject by subject

Answer 64

epends. If there is no reduction in behaviour for a specific animal than the shock collar is not punishment. Same with this, is giving kibble to a dog reinforcement. Some say yes, but some dogs don’t care about kibble so then not for them.

Answer 65

- If it leads to no response, then it is punishment. Therefore ignoring can be punishment. - Punishment and reinforcement is just feedback on a response — feedback leads to more or less response.

Answer 66

Punishment uses an aversive stimulus and reinforcement uses an appetitive one

Answer 67

negative punishment

Answer 68

an be punitive, but depends on the behaviour that you are trying to extinguish. When you try to stop a behaviour, pull the reinforcement — there is usually a larger response. Takes a while before they realize that positive reinforcement isn’t going to come back and then they stop.

Answer 69

Everything you say and do taps into all four quadrants with most people around you. Even if you didn’t mean to be nasty, if it fits the definition it counts.

Answer 70

information - The way the brain works is by acquiring and strengthening some connections, and pruning others

Answer 71

This terms have been poisoned because people don’t understand them

Answer 72

In many tasks, you got a tone or green light when you do a task right. Or a bad tone and red light that comes up if you get it wrong — that is punishment. You don’t leave crying, but you are informing. We know that you learn faster if you know what behaviour not to reproduce — this is how discrimination training works.

Answer 73

In other words, thorndike was right, you have to experience trial-and-error, it is the contrast between success and failure in trial and error that gets you to understand what is good (leads to an answer) and bad (doesn’t lead to an answer).

Answer 74

Dog trainers wrap it into something positive, “keep going signal” — that wasn’t it, keep going. Not because you call it that makes it reinforcement, but people prefer calling it that than positive punishment

Answer 75

- Corporal punishment is different — strong consensus there that is wrong - Punitive punishment often leads to spontaneous regeneration — some criminals go back to crimes right after being released

Answer 76

Your ability to measure the response (Feedback) is how your understand the punishment

Answer 77

People say never put a human/animal on cyclic punishment, why not? Because they get stressed. The moment that rat in the skinner box on an intermittent schedule shows stress — you are doing something wrong. You are usually going too fast. Nothing wrong with scheduled reinforcement, something wrong if you are using it in the wrong way — eg. Speeding through.

Answer 78

a temporary stop, spontaneous recovery in the right conditions will often happen.

Answer 79

strengthening of the response.

Answer 80

strengthening of the response

Answer 81

It depends on the behaviour! In imprinting, it will often increase the following response: Think, analogically, about the abused with their abusers…

Answer 82

The term "positive" means that something is produced, not that it is perceived as positi

Answer 83

You GIVE a reinforcement (something perceived as positive)

Answer 84

You REMOVE or TAKE AWAY something perceived as negative.

Answer 85

means that something is removed, not that it is perceived as negative.

Answer 86

the main dimension of “training” (as in training an animal)

Answer 87

at first, you reinforce anything that is in the direction or shape of the target behaviour. Then you slowly progressively start reinforcing the behaviours that are closer to the target behaviour until you get to the point that you reinforce only the “perfect” target behaviour

Answer 88

- The topology (proximal to goal) or spatial dimension — a lot of what you need to do is understand that the first part of the goal is to get the rat close to the lever, then the timing is important. - The timing of the behaviour or temporal dimension - You ignore (ie. do not reinforce) the behaviours that are desired or too far spatially and temporally from what you are looking for - Sometimes you can get animals to do very complex things very quickly — eg. Rat in a skinner box

Answer 89

the topology

Answer 90

computer training a rat in a skinner box rather than a person. There is then no feedback given from a person. Put them in a box, computer starts running and usually the rat has shaped to the task within an hour.

Answer 91

1. At first just orienting towards the target S — reinforce this 2. Then approaching the stimulus 3. Then having the “nose down” towards S 4. Then touching the S 5. Then holding on the S, at first for a few seconds 6. Then holding for a full 5 seconds

Answer 92

S+ = positive stimulus

Answer 93

topology, reinforcement is successful but contingent on getting closer to the target (stop rewarding behaviour that goes backward)

Answer 94

If you go too fast it is possible that the new thresholds aren’t registering, you could fall back. You might need to go retro and use baby steps at that point, might need a refresher (small reward) to reorient them to the task.

Answer 95

species dependent — need to be mindful of what youre working with and the behaviour they typically produce

Answer 96

responding yes or no to a stimulus

Answer 97

choosing the appropriate stimulus out of n number distractors

Answer 98

Because a choice has to be made, it is a good idea to have a clear, well defined response (a good nose hold, held for a full 5 seconds, until the reinforcement (R+) is produced/delivered).

Answer 99

Trial and error learning (thorndiike)

Answer 100

makes instrumental conditioning very similar to natural selection (ie. species-level adaption) except that it is individual-level adaption

Answer 101

learning is one of the few forces in evolution

Answer 102

Classical conditioning can be very powerful (as demonstrating through neuro eg. Sick building syndrome). Not all individuals condition the same

Answer 103

Pavlov is the first one that came up with a temperament topology for dogs — four types of topology. Based on how responsive they were to classical conditioning. Not all of us are as easily conditional as one other, there are individual differences (seen with rats and even slugs)

Answer 104

Goal: preparatory for digestion (in fact, arguably the first step as saliva will start the digestion process with starches: think of bread “melting” in your mouth

Answer 105

- Too much jack at your birthday — you can get very sick for days, may develop a strong and long lasting aversion, may even be generalized to similar alcohol - Note: this example is actually special as it often requires very little event. Classical conditioning will often lead to “one-trial learning. This is obviously potentially very adaptive.

Answer 106

- The Hollis experiment with Blue Gouramis: a kind of warning signal that “primes” the combatant - The domain experiment with Japanese quails: priming the male for sex - Note that this is (unconsciously?) important to humans when creating an “atmosphere”

Answer 107

sports dates restaurant/bars

Answer 108

intensive/aggressive music, lightinwhg, narrative (us vs. Them motivational comments). Locker room talk is meant to pump you up, cues for competition because it is context specific

Answer 109

slow/languorous music, lighting, clothing, make-up, perfume/cologne, etc.

Answer 110

music, lighting, etc.

Answer 111

Marketing and advertising will take advantage of those conditioning stimuli OR they will condition you

Answer 112

- Early exposure to stimuli and outcomes (eg. Arousal, pleasure, orgasm, etc.) - Tapping into motivational systems — sex is used in more subtle ways now, but it is still there - Good and bad associations depending on the outcome

Answer 113

fear, stress, panic

Answer 114

- Long hair or facial hair - Smell of a person or sell of a location - Music (specific music/song)

Answer 115

some of these stimuli still may become almost necessary for arousal, or certainly would be facilitating — can trigger the memory responses of the event, works out of context too

Answer 116

- Long hair or facial hair - Smell of a person or sell of a location - Music (specific music/song)

Answer 117

- Sex: everything that happens in the context of SA is heavily connected to cues that will follow you for life, connected to PTSD - Problem with trauma, after SA for example, is to disconnect these associations

Answer 118

- Olfaction is particular interesting here: it is one of the processes that can bypass the thalamus as a switch board. Thats why you will experience emotion first before even recognizing the smell and the thought of that person. - Odours are often part of context, good or bad.

Answer 119

- Conditioned analgesia - Conditioned withdrawal - Conditioned tolerance - Conditioned compensatory response

Answer 120

When you take a drug, with time you develop drug tolerance. The affects of the drugs reduce with time, this is why people start taking more with some categories of drugs (morphine, heroin, opioids)

Answer 121

pain management in end of life — trying to make people comfortable but it takes more and more of the drug

Answer 122

conditioned by environmental stimuli, indicated that if you change some of the cues you lose some of the tolerance — eg. Change the room, change the music, they will become less tolerant to the drug and the dosage will work better

Answer 123

Interesting idea, when you take a drug there is a compensatory response, your metabolism/immune system knows how to react to it. This is good. The right thing in terms of adaptation. Tries to get you back to some sort of immunostatic state, alcohol is poison, the effects of toxicity (drunk) is a poison

Answer 124

Every Thursday you go to a certain bar, have a certain number of drinks over a certain period of time. Over time, you have 4/5/6 beers and you’re relatively fine. Then one time, your friends suggest going to a different bar. You go to that new place, stay the same amount of time, drink the same amount. But you leave and are drunk as a skunk (super drunk) — what happened? As simple as what you are perceiving. Your compensatory response is conditioned to a specific environment and set of cues, remove those cues and it goes back to the way it was before (despite the dose being the same)

Answer 125

Discovered by Siegel (emergency doc) and they would get people that would come from heroin/morphine OD. At first they were puzzled, would ask people what happened, OD suggests to most people that you took more of the drug. Friends would say that they didnt take any more and could tolerate that amount before. So then why an overdose today? They realized one of two things were happening: either doing it with another group of people or in another environment. Change the environment and that response is gone.

Answer 126

send you somewhere remote (new environment) and get you to stop cold turkey. This is super smart, taking you away from the social and physical environment where you have been taking that drug. All those cues are no longer there. After that period of time, you go back home where you used to drink but within a few hours you might be back to drinking. Association of cues is very powerful and has a very strong effect. Although you have not experienced withdrawal in the new environment, you go back to the old one and experience withdrawal — the cues trigger it. Best way to get rid of withdrawal, take the drug again. That is what happens.

Answer 127

Analgesia or how you feel about a painkiller may be associated with a room Idea is that theoretically, if you could change the room and other cues, the tolerance could bounce back.

Answer 128

some people get drunk on corona zero because they think they’re drinking a beer with alcohol. It is the cues, taste is there, smell is there, etc. cues are strong and you are conditioned to respond to those cues The bookstore effect — every time someone went to a bookst

Answer 129

every time someone went to a bookstore, she had to shit. Question was always, why? Sometimes trained with classical conditioning would guess that something at some point had happened. Either association between scent of ink or books etc. think about things that cannot be explained

Answer 130

“I need to pee” — all the cues of being home are there.

Answer 131

well known occurrence with former smokers

Answer 132

classical conditioning

Answer 133

CS/US pairing

Answer 134

a secondary/conditioned reinforcer because the idea is that with animals, this is used alongside basic classical conditioning (pair the clicker with food)

Answer 135

many forms eg. money for working

Answer 136

the idea is that eventually you can stop paring the click with the food and the click alone will reinforce the right behaviour

Answer 137

the fact that classical conditioning is always with you during operant conditioning

Answer 138

anticipation - cognitive

Answer 139

sign trackers and goal trackers

Answer 140

really pay attention to the cues that are the predictors of the reinforcement

Answer 141

really pay attention to the source of reinforcement

Answer 142

rat responds to a specific stimulus, press a lever, then the magazine delivers a pellet of food

Answer 143

attempt to jam their nose in the magazine to see what is going on

Answer 144

will pay attention to the cues announcing that the food is coming, more likely to pay attention to the light by the lever

Answer 145

goal trackers are less likely to be conditioned by their environment and less likely to be triggered by cues related to those events - less likely to become addicted

Answer 146

cues associated to reinforcers, will pay attention to everything associated to that activity

Answer 147

sign trackers

Answer 148

gives us a window into the idea that at least some individuals will find cues more important than the reinforcement itself (smoker example)

Answer 149

theory says you can be goal, sign or mix of box

Answer 150

how does dog signal hunger - puts paw on your hand = sign tracker - goes to food dish = goal tracker

Answer 151

sign trackers

Answer 152

possible that you would seek something to remove a symptom, some people just carry around a container of medicine and that is enough for them

Answer 153

1. extinction 2. timing of outcome 3. size of outcome 4. prepardness

Answer 154

stop pairing things and eventually the conditioned response will extinguish - extinction is stopping to condition a link

Answer 155

expose the subject to what normally produces the response, but then not produce the response. this must be done in a very systematic way (start very small and non-threatening)

Answer 156

if you remove a reinforcement with perceived positive value from someone, the first reaction is to respond more. initally get a bigger response before it goes down

Answer 157

doesnt matter if it is classical or operant. if the conditions are right, it will often come back. if you re-expose the right contingency, you will get the right responses

Answer 158

NO - it is still in the memory somewhere it just has to be reminded

Answer 159

if you are going to give punishment or reinforcement to a behaviour - need to follow each other closely in time and space

Answer 160

CS/US needs to be close in time. the more time, the more likely something else will happen and people get confused eg. superstitious behaviours

Answer 161

CS/US timing is less important. well known example is with conditioned taste aversion. you can eat something rotten, get sick later and still associate it. we dont know why taste aversion is so sensitive to this

Answer 162

during chemo which causes nausea, dont want to associate the food with that

Answer 163

the value of the outcome (positive or negative) is going to be important - much stronger conditioning if the reward is huge, this is a way to engage the anticipatory system in humans

Answer 164

you get huge outcomes in gambling very rarely. people keep gambling because they want these big outcomes and know that there are frequently smaler ones, this keeps them engaged

Answer 165

clearly the effect of punishment is very different between a little zap and something that burns your skin. if the punishment is more intense, there is more suppression of response

Answer 166

they go faster

Answer 167

yes, eventually a ceiling based on the size

Answer 168

less important than the perceived value of the reinforcer - this has a huge effect on anticipation

Answer 169

not the bone that is important but the anticipation of the bone, learning works because of anticipation and dopamine

Answer 170

not during the consumption but the motivation

Answer 171

reinforcement that makes you do the thing, rather the anticipation of the reinforcement

Answer 172

is there possibly an innate dimension to learning? idea that you are more likely to respond to some stimuli as opposed to others

Answer 173

you can't judge a fish on its ability to climb a tree

Answer 174

idea that biological relevance of the stimuli and the reinforcers that you use are predisposed

Answer 175

taste aversion shows super fast one trial aversion because it saves your life

Answer 176

bright-noisy-water experiment

Answer 177

had flavoured water with a click sound and flash of light. outcome was either a foot shock or nausea. animal would lick, but this suppression of licking was differential

Answer 178

illness and taste sound and shock

Answer 179

that pairing of stimuli is species specific, eg. birds dont have a great sense of taste so wouldn't pair that with something important

Answer 180

the misbehaviour of organisms

Answer 181

brings in instinctive drift. racoon wouldnt drop the coin in the piggy bank despite training and so they gave up, calling it instinctive drift

Answer 182

sign tracking - raccoons are just not paying attention to the food, instead what it predicts. they mistakingly think it is about manipulating the coin so continue repeating the wrong set of behaviours

Answer 183

massively sign trackers, get more value in the anticipatory behaviours than receiving the reward

Answer 184

really easy to enforce everyday behaviours (rearing, scrabbling, digging) could not reinforce other behaviours in their repertoire (scent-marking, scratching, face-washing)

Answer 185

very hard to reinforce reptiles, especially snakes. one way could be to train them with heat as the reward. however, very slow

Answer 186

all human cultures are more likely to be afraid of snakes and spiders than flowers

Answer 187

means if you want to use negative stimuli, associating it wth spiders will get a more natural reaction than with flowers

Answer 188

one of the stimuli will have to be neutral, otherwise it will impact the conditioning

Answer 189

negatively condition people (even those that claim they dont have those phobias), than to neutral stimuli

Answer 190

exposed to something a lot - stop responding - relatively simple

Answer 191

exposed to something a lot - increased response - more complex

Answer 192

because they are simpler and there are less intervening variables, sea slugs are a common choice because you can see some neurons with even the naked eye

Answer 193

gills, mantle, siphon

Answer 194

retraction for protection - gill withdrawal reflex (GWR)

Answer 195

20000 neurons

Answer 196

no individual differences in location and function of neurons

Answer 197

24 sensory, 8 motor

Answer 198

glutamate (excitatory)

Answer 199

over time there is less release of glutamate, touch on the gills - systematic depression

Answer 200

dual process theory - if you space the exposures, habiutation will last longer. decrease in glutamate contributes to the pruning of the synpases

Answer 201

reduction in NT release is very similar, yes.

Answer 202

you need a stronger stimulus to get sensitization of the gills, eg. mild electric shcok

Answer 203

there is an interneuron (link between sensory and motor) involved -- called a modulatory interneuron

Answer 204

neuromodulator, which has the responsibility to change the responsive of the NT

Answer 205

serotonin 5-HT

Answer 206

basically tells glutamate to fire more, never less

Answer 207

habituation = homosynpatic sensitization = heterosynpatic

Answer 208

only involves one system, very specific and localized - one sensory neuron = one motor neuron

Answer 209

very non-specific and non-localied, process occurs in many synapses simultaneously

Answer 210

together! not in competition but work together

Answer 211

decrease in glutamate (NT) in specific synapses, increase in serotonin at many synapses

Answer 212

two interactive processes, consistent with DPT

Answer 213

no. sensitization is more complex

Answer 214

sensitization is gradual, habituation is gradual, dishabituation is not

Answer 215

control the sensitization systemically, completely different procedure

Answer 216

completely implicit - cortex changes based on the exposure

Answer 217

taps into the sensory areas of the brain,

Answer 218

a range that is specific to neurons, the more neurons that work together, the more the field can actually change

Answer 219

visual, auditory and tactile systems, less clear with chemical senses (although maybe olfaction)

Answer 220

dont actually know how where the representation is in the brain

Answer 221

your spatial map will get better, become more specific and accurate thanks to pruning

Answer 222

because their auditory range is extremely similar to humans. they are precocial therefore better than mice/rats. like humans, cannot produce their own vitamin C

Answer 223

as with imprinting, it brings the concept of critical or sensitive periods in development

Answer 224

exposure and rich exposures (Eg. environmental enrichment) are even better

Answer 225

may have difficulty identifying colours later on

Answer 226

sensory deprived animal's brains develop in unexpected ways

Answer 227

adults have surprisingly high levels of cortical plasticity, re-tuning can occur with training quite quickly

Answer 228

perceptual learning

Answer 229

very well studied in birds and mammals

Answer 230

navigation (including homing) and spatial memory (food caching)

Answer 231

sub-cortical function

Answer 232

the limbic system, close to the amygdala

Answer 233

a strong cognitive function for spatial memory, but in the limbic system. hippocampus is located spatially and functionally close to the amygdala.

Answer 234

the contextualiser, info encoded in the hippocampus tells you what/where/when

Answer 235

knowledge that you have that is is not autobiographical, happened in a specific time and place

Answer 236

subcortical

Answer 237

basal ganglia

Answer 238

encode memory about motor learning

Answer 239

both are. hippocampus is about location/time, basal ganglia is important in timing and is the sequencer of the brain

Answer 240

place cells

Answer 241

specific neurons act as identifiers of specific locations

Answer 242

a spatial map in the brain or place field, an internal representation of the space that the organism occupies

Answer 243

yes, quite a different response

Answer 244

1. local or proximal cues or landmarks 2. distant or still cues or landmarks 3. sign trackers and goal trackers - best navigators?

Answer 245

attentional theory or dimension of attention, about what you pay attnetion to

Answer 246

right after all! spatial maps do exist

Answer 247

when the animal navigates in a particular direction. literally cells that encode for head direction. proprioceptive information

Answer 248

think about how sometimes you reposition your body in trying to explain direction to them, you orient yourself based on relevant infromation

Answer 249

when the animal crosses the intersection points of an abstract grid; navigating equal distances

Answer 250

when the animal is at the perimeter of the local spatial map. encode the periphery, not mentioned in humans as much more lab animals

Answer 251

place cells x head direction cells x grid cells

Answer 252

may have mild impairment for object recognition, temporal lobes may also be involved

Answer 253

technique using a spatial map using tag items to remember, idea that if you elaborate on material you retain it better

Answer 254

people with well developed hippocampus, eg. taxi drivers or servers

Answer 255

because you go through a known sequence, so you know when you forget something

Answer 256

by bounding the function arm, the organism will start using the numb arm again, may be a case of dishabituation

Answer 257

habituation!

Answer 258

constraint-induced movement therapy

Answer 259

a bit. but it reinforces the weakened link. brain has to try to compensate the deficit

Answer 260

forces other brain areas in close proximity to the damaged area to take over the lost function by reorganizing the sensations

Answer 261

1. flooding 2. systematic desensitization (SD)

Answer 262

can be very fast, just like dishabituation

Answer 263

usually slow, can result in spontaneous recovery

Answer 264

SD, start with very weak versions of the stimulus

Answer 265

might master the scenario but only in the environmental cues of the therapists office. need to generalize it

Answer 266

no, the right cues will bring it back

Answer 267

stressful if not traumatic. SD is generally preferred

Answer 268

counterconditioning

Answer 269

you condition another response to replace that undesired response

Answer 270

start with very weak stimulus, work your way up to something stronger

Answer 271

dog and mailamn!

Answer 272

partially true, DRO is more specific though.

Answer 273

because you are totally conditioning another activitiy

Answer 274

anxiety/panic attack, as long as you know the triggers

Answer 275

don't eliminate the conditioned response, instead condition another one that is incompatible with the CR

Answer 276

no. what is more important is the environmental trigger. if you cant control the environmental trigger you have to find ways to make it less arousing

Answer 277

relaxation

Answer 278

not to remove the stressor itself but to learn the best way to deal with the stressor

Answer 279

1. identify the sources of fear, triggers, cues 2. client is trained with relaxation 3. while relaxed, client is asked to imagine least threatening of the stressful stimuli and gradually to the worst *4. sessions must always stop at the first sign of fear, disress, or stress

Answer 280

like a vaccine. HPA axis learns to combat stress like the immune system, by being exposed.

Answer 281

genX tried not to expose their kids to stress, resulted in increased anxiety disorders

Answer 282

a lifetime of mental issues

Answer 283

try to increase your threshold of stress, stop caffeine!

Answer 284

low doses of amphetamines to rats increased unusually stereotypical behaviours

Answer 285

repeated low doses sensitized the rats at a level seen in rats that were exposed to few high doses - case of sensitization

Answer 286

stereotypical behaviours, eg. animals doing extremely repetitive behaviours. evidence shows this is partially evolutionarily adapted. fidgeting is good for relaxing.

Answer 287

stressful events or trauma > depression > minor stressful event > more bouts of depression

Answer 288

sensitization to stress

Answer 289

high responses to minor stressors, may feel on edge

Answer 290

1. not to avoid stress 2. avoiding stress increases sensitivity 3. results in lack of resilience 4. being exposed to moderate amounts of stress will increase immunity 5. but... too much stress will increase changes of depression

Answer 291

a sensitivity to the signs and symptoms of anxiety, common in people with anxiety disorders

Answer 292

a fear of fear, when you feel it coming it is too late. dogs can help detect chemical signas

Answer 293

classical conditioning, works subconsciously a lot of the time

Answer 294

some ANS manifestations > anxiety increases > actual anxiety attack

Answer 295

modern lit suggests a belief (cognitive)

Answer 296

high levels of arousal, if lacking than they start to feel anxious

Answer 297

reproduce digitally sounds detected from the environment

Answer 298

perceptual learning is involved as the digitized sounds are quite different from the natural ones. if the person has previous experience with the natural sounds, they ned to learn a new phonological and acoustic system of processing auditory information

Answer 299

unconditional stimulus (meat in pavlov dog)

Answer 300

unconditional response

Answer 301

conditional stimulus (salivating too, the bell in pavlov. when CS and US are paired, this starts to stimulate salivation)

Answer 302

conditional response

Answer 303

neutral stimulus before it was conditoned with food

Answer 304

technically yes. can be subtle differences

Answer 305

william james and ivan pavlov

Answer 306

via brain activity (Experience) aka neuroplasticity

Answer 307

changes, more specifically a certain malleability

Answer 308

brain regions being co-opted or re-purposed for some new functions if some parts of the brain are damaged

Answer 309

on-the-job training environmental enrichment imprinting

Answer 310

learning but with an innate component, the following response (UR)

Answer 311

classical conditioning, operant conditioning, perceptual learning and recognition memory

Answer 312

poor environment = low dendrite numbers rich environment = high dendrite numbers

Answer 313

7-10% overall in the brain, 20% in visual cortex

Answer 314

increase in the hippocampus (overall volume) in spatial learning and memory

Answer 315

neurons that fire together wire together, based on concept of neural connectvity

Answer 316

cajal, william james, macdougall

Answer 317

repetition, rehearsal, practice, experience

Answer 318

something you observe, eg. must be able to see r hear

Answer 319

motor behaviours and motor organization

Answer 320

primary motor cortex forntal cortex cerebellum basal ganglia brainstem

Answer 321

cortical topological importance of hands and mouth

Answer 322

motor control, coordinaton, motor timing and precision

Answer 323

sequencing behaviours

Answer 324

basic reflex-like behaviours

Answer 325

nucleus accumbens olfactory tubercle

Answer 326

caduate nucleus putamen

Answer 327

globus pallidus ventral pallidum substantia nigra subthalamic nucelus

Answer 328

ventral tegmental area

Answer 329

active selecting sequencing of movements/behaviour conditoning conative regulation affective regualtion cognition regulation

Answer 330

working memory procedural memory

Answer 331

habit learning and skill/motor learning

Answer 332

learning and motivation

Answer 333

1. mesolimbic 2. mesocortical 3. nigrostiatal

Answer 334

reward-related processes (incentive salience or wanting; pleasure or liking; positive reinforcement

Answer 335

executive function or cognitive lealrning

Answer 336

reward-related processes and associative learning

Answer 337

mesocorticolimbic projection

Answer 338

highly superior autobiographical memory, also called hyperthymesia

Answer 339

pre-frontal cortex hippocampus frontal-parietal lobe junctinon

Answer 340

focus on cerebral cortex

Answer 341

sereached for engram, came up with theory of equipotentiality; idea of a global, distributed storage of memories

Answer 342

some modularity: the hippocampus, otherwise distributed

Answer 343

neuroregulators neuromodulators neurotransmitters neuropeptides neurohormones

Answer 344

excitatory (glutamate) and inhibitory (GABA)

Answer 345

long term//lasting changes and potentiation

Answer 346

increase in synaptic transmission because of previous activiation - sensitization or faciliation changes for hours, if not days hebbian learning to store memory traces

Answer 347

neurons that dont fire together become weaker

Answer 348

communication changes neurotransmitter release changes structural changes

Answer 349

nootrophics

Answer 350

L-theanine combined with caffeine may be perfect mix

Answer 351

partial agonist of NMDA increases 5-HT and DA leevels mildly nootrophic and mildly anxiolytic

midterm 2 Flashcards

(387 cards)