midterm 1

Question 1

What is the main definition of deviance used in class? who is associated with it?

Answer 1

violation of a social norm WITH a controlling reaction, Pfohl (1996)

Question 2

deviance is just a label, deviant acts are in the eye of the beholder. >50% of academics follow this approach

Answer 2

constructionist approach to deviance

Question 3

who believes in a more scientific, causal approach to deviance?

Answer 3

positivists

Question 4

True or False? Doing drugs is not considered deviant when undetected

Answer 4

?

Question 5

our modern understanding of law is based in ?

Answer 5

classical theory

Question 6

who defines crime as the use of force and fraud?

Answer 6

Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990)

Question 7

Downes and Rock (2003) intentionally avoided a precise definition of?

Answer 7

didn’t define crime, they do refer to banned or controlled behavior that is likely to attract punishment/disapproval

they think confusion and diversity around what is deviant should be embraced and not seen as a failure

Question 8

conformity

Answer 8

adherence to norms

Question 9

non-conformity

Answer 9

normative violation, NO reaction

Question 10

deviance

Answer 10

normative violation WITH a reaction (controlling mechanism)

Question 11

crime

Answer 11

violation of law

Question 12

hockey fight is?

Answer 12

conformity

Question 13

female with a mustache is?

Answer 13

deviant

Question 14

sex for money is?

Answer 14

deviant

Question 15

closeted homosexual is?

Answer 15

non-conformity

Question 16

few observing and controlling the many is?

Answer 16

panopticism

Question 17

the many observing and following the few

Answer 17

synopticism

Question 18

who said there is no such thing as deviance anymore?

Answer 18

Blackshaw and Crabbe (2004)

Question 19

epistemology

Answer 19

ideas abt how best to study society

large scale method to study society ( ex: unbiased, scientific approach)

Question 20

ontology

Answer 20

what is the nature of social reality

what you personally believe constitutes significant data

Question 21

who did Cesare Lombroso (1911) study and what did he state?

Answer 21

studied inmate populations, said they were biologically inferior to non-criminals. searched for the causes of crime by examining pathology and personality defects (psychology)

Question 22

who thinks crime is based on a social consensus? what does that mean

Answer 22

those who break the law do so because they lack self control, crime and crime control are objective phenomena

Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990)

Question 23

canada’s legal system is modelled on ?

Answer 23

objectivist-legalist approach

Question 24

administrative law

Answer 24

public law, governs relationships btw individuals and the state (EI, labour relations, landlord and tenant relations, etc)

violations usually result in penalties or fines

Question 25

civil law

Answer 25

- public law, btw individuals, (property disputes, wills, contracts)

Question 26

criminal law

Answer 26

purpose is to "punish certain acts that have been declared to be threats to the established social order"

Question 27

what are the 3 categories of criminal law?

Answer 27

1. crimes against the person 2. property crime 3. other offences (like victimless crimes like using drugs)

Question 28

mens rea

Answer 28

evil mind

Question 29

actus reus

Answer 29

evil act

Question 30

what ppl are not considered able to form mens rea?

Answer 30

kids under 12 and the "insane"

Question 31

offence types in Canada fall into two main categories:

Answer 31

summary and indictable offences

Question 32

offence types in US fall into two main categories:

Answer 32

felonies or misdemeanours

Question 33

difference btw summary and indictable

Answer 33

summary offences are tried before a provincial court judge those accused in indictable offences are given 3 choices: a judge hears the case in provincial court; a judge and jury hear the case in a superior court; or a judge alone hears the case in a superior court.

Question 34

how many criminal cases are decided based on plea bargaining?

Answer 34

abt 90%

Question 35

what group questions whether things regarded as deviant by the law has been arrived at by universal agreement or social consensus?

Answer 35

critical criminologists such as Howard Becker

Question 36

why are the terms crime and deviance problematic?

Answer 36

"crime" is too narrow "deviance" is too broad

Question 37

who perceives deviance as liberating acts of rebellion against capitalism?

Answer 37

Marxists

Question 38

who perceives institutional restraint as vital to social harmony?

Answer 38

functionalists and control theorists

Question 39

?? focus on the processes through which social problems, such as crime, are defined and responded to. To this end, crime is not to be understood as an objective condition but rather as a function of the claims made by individuals or groups who seek to turn a set of conditions into a social problem

Answer 39

social constructionists

Question 40

what are the 4 elements of causality?

Answer 40

- variables should covary - temporal sequence - nonspurious - research is theoretically based

Question 41

what are the 4 requirements for quality theory and research?

Answer 41

- causality - reliability - valid - representative

Question 42

reliable looks like what on a dart board?

Answer 42

points close together (accuracy)

Question 43

valid on a dart board looks like?

Answer 43

bulls eye

Question 44

out of all the 2.5 mill crimes reported to police per year (CUCR), how many are violent?

Answer 44

abt 12%

Question 45

if a survey was delivered to all canadians it would be considered?

Answer 45

cross sectional

Question 46

lex talionis

Answer 46

an eye for an eye

Question 47

the nature of all human action was the same - self-interest

Answer 47

classical reformers

Question 48

mini max theorem

Answer 48

- calculating, rational actors - hedonistic - units of pleasure and pain calculated - free will and social contract

Question 49

according to classical theorists, punishments must contain 3 basic elements in order to be effective:

Answer 49

1. swiftness 2. certainty 3. severity

Question 50

who pushed for the decentralization of power

Answer 50

classical theorists

Question 51

control acts rather than actors - this thought is supported by?

Answer 51

CLASSICAL APPROACH

Question 52

rational punishment, legislative determination of law + judicial determination of guilt, deterrence. all of these align with what approach to crime and deviance?

Answer 52

classical

Question 53

who believed society is set up to create or manufacture deviance?

Answer 53

Erikson

Question 54

what is the most difficult requisite of causality to establish?

Answer 54

non-spurious

Question 55

homicide rates in Canada peaked in?

Answer 55

1990