midterm 2

Question 1

what is the demonic explanation and punishment for homosexuality?

Answer 1

explanation: tale of Sodom, witches, possession, temptation

Punishment: severe public spectacle, arbitrary, reborn/confession?

Question 2

what is the classical explanation and punishment for homosexuality?

Answer 2

explanation: rational choice

punishment: fit the crime, forced relations?

Question 3

what is the pathological explanation and punishment for homosexuality?

Answer 3

explanation: biological, evident in lower-evolved creatures

punishment: surgery, drugs, counseling

Question 4

what are 4 problems with Pathological theory?

Answer 4

1. empirical research flawed
2. measurements sloppy
3. statistical techniques not yet refined
4. many stigmas were just social (ex. tattooing)

Question 5

what did Dugdale find from his study of Crime, Pauperism, and Heredity?

Answer 5

crime and poverty were inherited, genetics must have an impact upon deviance

Question 6

Goddard and the Kallikaks

Answer 6

Martin K. had an affair w a barmaid and had a kid, he left the mom and kid, married another woman and had a family

• barmaid side of fam had many deviants while good womans side had only conformity –> genetics must have something to do w it

Question 7

define Id, Superego, and Ego

Answer 7

Id: primitive and instinctual part of the mind that contains sexual and aggressive drives and hidden memories

Superego: inculcation of societal norms, moral conscience

Ego: realistic part that mediates between the desires of the id and the super-ego

Question 8

an overly strong ? may lead to a life of crime according to Freud

Answer 8

id

Question 9

which approach often practices political repression?

Answer 9

pathology (expand on this)

Question 10

who questioned whether brain chemistry played a part in political or religious beliefs?

Answer 10

Tuner and Edgley

Question 11

lower SES highly related to ?

Answer 11

schizophrenia

Question 12

what theory is the application of the scientific method to the study of the human condition?

Answer 12

positivism

Question 13

who is recognized as the best-known early practitioner of biological positivism?

Answer 13

Lombrosso

Question 14

Sociobiological explanations of crime suggest that ?

Answer 14

human behaviour can be explained according to evolutionary principles. This body of thought claims that certain individuals have a predisposition toward criminality

Question 15

Sociobiological explanations of crime suggest that ?

Answer 15

human behavior can be explained according to evolutionary principles. This body of thought claims that certain individuals have a predisposition toward criminality

Question 16

what theory suggests morality is a human construct and it requires many ppl to be moral or immoral?

Answer 16

functionalism

Question 17

what time period did functionalism have intellectual dominance?

Answer 17

1930s, 40s, 50s

Question 18

what do sociological criminologists look at?

Answer 18

trying to answer questions by examining group characteristics—social class, gender, age, culture—rather than individual distinctiveness.

Question 19

The division of labour is indicative of?

Answer 19

the existence of a social contract to which people agree

Question 20

anomie (in relation to division of labour) is a direct result of?

Answer 20

transition from mechanical to organic solidarity

Question 21

who stated it is man’s nature to be eternally dissatisfied?

Answer 21

Durkheim

Question 22

who said “economic regulation is not enough…there
should be moral regulation” ?

Answer 22

Durkheim

Question 23

who thought: anomie –> class conflict

who thought: class conflict –> anomie

Answer 23

Durheim: anomie –> class conflict

Marx: class conflict –> anomie

Question 24

anomic suicide?

Answer 24

not enough regulation

Question 25

altruistic suicide

Answer 25

too much integration

Question 26

egoistic suicide

Answer 26

not enough integration

Question 27

fatalistic suicide

Answer 27

too much regulation

Question 28

war heros or terrorists fall under what kind of suicide?

Answer 28

altruistic

Question 29

First Nations ppls being more likely to committ suicide falls under which suicide def?

Answer 29

anomic (not enough regulation)

Question 30

school shooters fall under what def of suicide?

Answer 30

egoistic (not enough integration)

Question 31

whose strain theory defined strain more broadly, including stress, anxiety, etc into their def?

Answer 31

Agnew

Question 32

what are the 3 types of strain according to Agnew (general strain theory)?

Answer 32

1. inability to achieve (+) valued goals 2. removal or threat of removal of (+) valued stimuli (losing loved one) 3. to present a threat to 1 with noxious or (-) valued stimuli (aggression, violence)

Question 33

who believed rapid social change produced deviant behaviour because people were relatively unregulated?

Answer 33

Durkheim

Question 34

who suggested strain is gendered?

Answer 34

Agnew (general strain theory)

Question 35

who thought strain is caused by the discrepancy between culturally defined goals and the institutionalized means available to achieve these goals?

Answer 35

Merton (strain theory)

Question 36

how many countries still use the death penalty?

Answer 36

55

Question 37

who was the inventor of lethal injection?

Answer 37

Dr. Chapman

Question 38

what were Durk's 4 functions of crime?

Answer 38

1. its sets boundaries (of acceptable behaviour for citizens) 2. enhances group solidarity 3. maintains innovative functions 4. reduces tensions (when criminals are convicted/punished)

Question 39

what are some problems with functionalism?

Answer 39

- false teleology - tautology - no theory of crime/deviance, doesn't talk abt punishments - non-disprovable - is it beneficial?

Question 40

what is false teleology?

Answer 40

the explanation of something by the purpose they serve rather than by "real" causes (the reason things exist is cuz they have a function/purpose)

Question 41

what is tautology?

Answer 41

circular reasoning, because something exists it must be functional

Question 42

who thought crime was offensive to the way ppl have set up society and its norms/division of labour/rules?

Answer 42

Durk

Question 43

who argued prostitution would never go away as it serves purpose in society?

Answer 43

DAVIS

Question 44

who found that crime was not randomly distributed in a city, but rather concentrated in a "zone of transition" and decreases as you get farther from city center?

Answer 44

Park and Burgess

Question 45

who is the most common deviator (Merton)?

Answer 45

innovator

Question 46

who has neither the belief in societal goals or the means to achieve them?

Answer 46

retreatists

Question 47

ritualism

Answer 47

ability/means to achieve goals but doesn't believe in them/desire them (ex. rich kid)

Question 48

what is the main predictor of crime according to Merton?

Answer 48

low SES (connected to innovator)

Question 49

social disorganization is similar to?

Answer 49

strain theory

Question 50

what were stark's 4 most important findings/statements?

Answer 50

1. the greater the density of a neighborhood, the more involvement in crime 2. increased density = higher level of moral cynicism 4. crowded homes = less supervision for kids 7. dense, mixed-use, transient neighbourhoods will be dilapidated - a social stigma

Question 51

according to Stark, which neighborhoods will face more lenient law enforcement?

Answer 51

stigmatized

Question 52

stark used what theory?

Answer 52

ecological theory

Question 53

what are the 3 problems with Stark's ecological theory?

Answer 53

1. how do we measure (operationalize) a disorganized space? 2. not been tested rigorously 3. corporate crime in the CBD (city center) has not been included