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FALL TERM CLASSES > Midterm #1 > Flashcards

Midterm #1 Flashcards

(91 cards)

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1
Q

Synesthesia

A

one sense involuntarily triggers another sense (numbers associated with colours)

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2
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

to respond to a stimuli it needs to be determined if the sensory activation is real or fake

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3
Q

Responses To Signal Detection Theory

A

Hit, Miss, Correct Rejection, False Alarm

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4
Q

Channel Capacity

A

the brain can only hold in so much information

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5
Q

Stimulus

A

something that triggers a physical/behavior change

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6
Q

Signal

A

info/object that evokes a response

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7
Q

Response

A

behavior from the result of a stimulus

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8
Q

Dependent Variable

A

changes from the independent variable

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9
Q

Independent Variable

A

manipulated variable

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10
Q

Process Model (information processing theory)

A

the specific mental process that takes place during a task

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11
Q

Accuracy

A

how correct a response is

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12
Q

Reaction Time

A

the time between the stimulus and the response

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13
Q

Lexical Design Task

A

timed task where people decide if letter strings are English or not

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14
Q

sequential processing

A

mental tasks are done in an order (remembering someone’s name)

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15
Q

parallel processing

A

multiple mental processes at the same time (driving)

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16
Q

priming

A

exposure to one thing can alter behaviour about it (kid sees candy on a red bench… next time it sees a red bench they might think of candy)

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17
Q

conceptually driven processing (top-down)

A

mental processes are guided by our knowledge

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18
Q

data-driven processing (bottom-up)

A

stimuli pieced together from what is perceived in the environment

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19
Q

replication

A

testing a result to produce similar results

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20
Q

3 steps to memory

A

sensory memory (acquisition), short-term memory (storage), long-term memory (retrieval)

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21
Q

sensory memory

A

input in raw sensory form (raindrops on the skin)

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22
Q

short term memory (STM)

A

holds info that’s in use and transfers it

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23
Q

long term memory (LTM)

A

all remembered information

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24
Q

cognition

A

mental processes involved in remembering, thinking and understanding

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25
memory
mental processes for acquiring, storing and retrieving information
26
word frequency effect
words that are shown more often are processed quicker
27
empiricism
Aristotle; behaviour influenced by the environment
28
introspection (structuralism)
Wundt; studying one's own mental processes
29
structuralism
Titchener; studies the structure of the conscious mind
30
functionalism
James; studies the function of consciousness
31
verbal learning
Chomsky; studies verbal stimuli and responses
32
ecological validity
generalizability of real-world situations
33
reductionism
breaking down complex concepts into their components
34
implicit memory
unintentionally remembered information
35
explicit memory
long term memory (recollection)
36
encoding
acquisition; the first step in memory
37
capgras syndrome
the delusion that family/friends are replaced by an identical imposter
38
episodic memory
recollection of personal experiences
39
semantic memory
long-term memory about facts of the world
40
dissociation
the pattern of abilities reveals that one mental process is damaged while the other is intact (K.C)
41
double dissociation
two patients showing opposing disruptions
42
simple dissociation
process A is damaged while process B has a reciprocal pattern (prosopagnosia)
43
association
connection of two processes
44
neurons
basic unit in the brain that receives sensory information from the environment
45
3 types of neurons
motor, sensory, interneurons
46
sensory neurons
receives info from the environment and sends signals to the brain from the spinal cord
47
motor neurons
carry the signal from the brain to the muscles to produce movement
48
interneurons
connects neurons
49
axon
sends signals away from the nucleus
50
dendrites
receives signals from other neurons
51
nodes of ranvier
fast electrical impulses along the axon
52
terminal buttons
sends signals to other neurons
53
neurogenesis
creation of new neurons
54
myelin sheath
fatty coating on the axon that speeds up communication
55
white matter
myelinated
56
gray matter
unmyelinated
57
neurotransmitters
chemicals released in the synapse that exhibit/inhibit a neuron
58
4 types of neurotransmitters
acetylcholine, norepinephrine, glutamate, GABA
59
acetylcholine
muscle contraction, cognitive processes and attention
60
norepinephrine
fight or flight, mood and stress
61
glutamate
strengthens neural connections
62
GABA
weakens neural connections
63
consolidation
a permanent establishment of memories
64
long term potential (LTP)
temporary strengthening of neural connections before consolidation
65
action potential
change in electrical charge when a neuron fires
66
all or none principle
the stimulus either passes the threshold and the entire process goes through or it doesn't and nothing happens
67
hemisphere specialization (lateralization)
each hemisphere of the brain has specific functions (left = speech, right = spatial awareness)
68
contralateral
the opposite side of the brain controls the opposite side of the body
69
connectionism
knowledge is represented through simple interconnected units
70
sensation
awareness of sensory information
71
perception
interpreting that sensation
72
psychophysics
how perceptual differs from physical
73
sensory threshold
minimal energy needed to detect a stimulus 50% of the time
74
supraliminal
detected more than half the time
75
subliminal
detected less than half the time
76
just noticeable difference (JND)
how much do two stimuli differ to be noticed
77
3 Calculations for JND
webers fraction law, fechners law, stevens power law
78
webers fraction law
uses weight to determine a difference
79
symbolic distance effect
response time depends on how symbolically different they are (have to think about it more)
80
semantic congruity effect
response time is faster when the stimuli match our common knowledge
81
saccades
eye movement; moving from one fixation point to another (can't take in information)
82
fixations
focusing on one point (taking in information)
83
change blindness
miss the change because it happened during a saccade
84
iconic memory
short term sensory memory; see the image 250-500ms after it disappears
85
dynamic icons
icon images that move
86
template theory
pattern stored in the memory to compare incoming stimuli
87
feature theory
visual elements that appear in combination with other elements
88
feature detection
identifying objects by their distinct features
89
pandemonium
the parallel processing to identify a stimulus (feature detection, parallel processing and problem solving)
90
beta movement
illusion of motion; images moving so fast it creates one motion
91
phi phenomenon
the illusion that something is moving when it's not

FALL TERM CLASSES (6 decks)

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