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FALL TERM CLASSES > Midterm 2: PSY 263 > Flashcards

Midterm 2: PSY 263 Flashcards

(77 cards)

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1
Q

adaptive memory

A

memory sets to help retain survival and fitness information

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2
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

cant transfer new information from short to long-term store

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3
Q

alertness and arousal (input attention)

A

being prepared to attend to incoming event and maintain attention

(right frontal/parietal cortexes and brain stem, associated with NE)

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4
Q

articulatory suppression

A

poorer memory for a set of words if they are asked to say something while trying to remember

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5
Q

attention

A

the mental energy needed for completing mental processes (limited in quantity)

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6
Q

attention capture

A

redirecting our attention to sudden stimuli (ex. slapping hand on desk randomly)

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7
Q

attentional blink

A

delay in a second response immediately after a decision

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8
Q

automaticity

A

doing a task without intention (doing without thinking)

ex. driving home (you just know the route)

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9
Q

baddeleys working memory model

A

4 components explaining working memory

involves; central executive, phonological loop, visuo-sketchpad and episodic buffer

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10
Q

bottleneck information processing

A

a bunch of information coming in that needs to be cut down into one lane; filtering happens so we perceive the important information

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11
Q

central executive

A
  • plans future actions
  • initiates retrieval/decision processes
  • integrates incoming information
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12
Q

chunk

A

chunking items into groups (repackaging info)

ex. credit card numbers chunked in groups of four

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13
Q

conjunction search

A

looking for a combination of features together

(ex. looking for a RED x in an area of BLUE x’s and RED t’s)

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14
Q

controlled attention

A

choosing where to focus your attention and what to filter out

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15
Q

context-dependent learning

A

recall is stronger when a subject is present in the same environment it was learned

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16
Q

decay

A

losing information due to fading

(ex. a childhood memory)

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17
Q

explicit memory (declarative)

A

facts/events

(ex. knowing a dog is an animal)

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18
Q

default mode network

A

brain areas that show increased activity when NOT focused on what happening around them

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19
Q

distributed practice

A

studying in small, shorter portions

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20
Q

divided attention

A

simutaneously performing multiple tasks (attention is compromised)

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21
Q

dual coding

A

using different types of stimuli to encode information more effectively (visual & verbal)

(ex. creating history timelines to remember important dates)

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22
Q

dual task method

A

two tasks performed at once so one task attempts to completely capture attention

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23
Q

early selection

A

filtering based on early phases of perception (loudness or location)

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24
Q

eleaborative rehearsal

A

uses the meaning of the information to store and remember it (complex rehearsal)

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25
encoding specificity
improved memory retrieval when encoding context is the same as retrieval context
26
episodic buffer
backup 'store' that communicates with long term and working memory
27
explicit processing
conscious processing; awareness that a task is being performed and the outcome
28
faciliation of return
returning to a previously fixated location
29
feature search
searching for a single feature
30
filtering
ignoring distractions
31
free recall
recalling from a list in any order
32
forgetting curve
shows how learned information slips our minds over time (unless we take action to remember it)
33
global-local distinction
processing visual information and focusing on either the larger whole, or the smaller parts
34
habituation
gradual reduction of the orienting response back to baseline (getting used to other stimuli)
35
hemineglect
inability to direct attention voluntarily to one side so the stimulus on that side is neglected (typically left)
36
implicit processing
processing with no conscious awareness/involvement
37
inattention blindness
failure to notice an object that happened during a fixation
38
inhibition of return
previously checked locations are mentally marked and not returned to
39
input attention
getting sensory information into the cognitive system (automatic and quick)
40
late selection
filtering based on the importance/meaning of the info
41
maintenance rehearsal
holds info without storing it permanently (once rehearsal stops it's forgotten) (ex. repeating a phone number in your head until you dial it)
42
massed practice
studying in one long session (cramming)
43
mental rotation
mentally turning or rotating objects in the visuo sketch pad
44
implicit memory (non-declarative)
the knowledge that influences the thought/behaviour without consciousness
45
orienting reflex and response (input attention)
selecting what stimuli to attend to (important things, objects, the unexpected, language) (superior parietal lobe, frontal eye fields, temporal parietal junction and associated with ACh)
46
parallel search
several stimuli attended to at the same time
47
phonological loop
holds verbal/auditory info (relies on rehearsal)
48
phonological similarity effect
when letters/words that sound similar get confused
49
priming
exposure to one stimulus influences their response to subsequent stimulus (ex. kid sees a red bench with candy.. next time he sees a red bench he will think of candy)
50
primacy effect
tendency to remember the first piece of information better than the info presented later on
51
procedural memory (implicit)
skills and habits
52
recency effect
information given at the end is more likely to be remembered that what came first
53
recoding
mentally transforming stimulus into another format ex. grouping larger items into smaller items (a phone number into groups of 3)
54
recollection
the retrieval of information
55
savings score
the reduction in the number of trials for relearning compared to original learning
56
self-reference effect
memory is better when we relate the info to ourselves
57
selective exhaustive search
the memory set is scanned one item at a time (serial) and the entire set is scanned on every trial if the match is found or not (exhaustive)
58
serial position curve
graph of item-by-item accuracy of a recall task
59
serial positive effect
a positive relationship between the frequency of rehearsal and recall rate
60
serial recall
recalling a list in order
61
serial self-terminating search
search process where the search stops as soon as you spot the object/target (ex. looking for Waldo in wheres Waldo)
62
shadowing task
recorded spoken messages and played them to a person wearing headphones; say the message out loud coming from the right ear and ignore the information from the left ear
63
short term memory
remembering pieces of information for short periods of time (up to 20 seconds)
64
spotlight attention (input attention)
jumping our attention to stimuli
65
state-dependent learning
better memory when the retrieval physiological state matches when encoding
66
sustained attention/vigiliance
maintaining attention to infrequent events over a long period of time
67
tip of the tongue
momentarily unable to recall a word that they know is in long-term memory
68
trigram
three letters (ex. MHA)
69
visuo-spatial sketch pad
system for visual/spatial information maintaining that info in a short-duration buffer
70
interference
forgetting target info from the competition of recent info
71
serial position
the original position of items in a list
72
selective attention (controlled attention)
attending to one source of information, while ignoring others
73
representational momentum
thinking a moving object stopped farther than it actually did (ex. saying a ball stopped a bit further than when it actually did)
74
boundary extension
misremembering an image from what they actually saw as if the boundaries were farther out
75
word length effect
difficult to remember a list of long words compared to remembering a list of short words
76
rehearsal
deliberate practicing of information in the short-term store
77
serial search
one stimuli attended to at a time

FALL TERM CLASSES (6 decks)

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