Midterm 1

Question 1

A medical subluxation is considered to be what?

Answer 1

Hypermobility

Question 2

A chiropractic subluxation is considered to be what?

Answer 2

Hypomobility

Question 3

In the CNS, ____ is associated with the regulation of mood disorders, anxiety, stress, neurogenesis, nausea/emesis, pain, and nociception

Answer 3

Substance P

Question 4

What are the three causes of subluxation according to DD Palmer?

Answer 4

1. Toxins
2. Trauma
3. Autosuggestion

Question 5

What term was used to defend chiropractic as a separate and distinct profession during the Marikubo Trial?

Answer 5

Joint fixation

Question 6

What substance is commonly found in high concentrations in then joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis?

Answer 6

Cytokines

Question 7

Substance P is known to be a potent ____

Answer 7

Vasodilator

Question 8

TRUE/FALSE:
According to the Herzog article on the biomechanics of spinal manipulation, EMG responses were only found when the adjustment was accomplished by an audible release?

Answer 8

FALSE
(which of the following was NOT found)

Question 9

Who rejected the germ theory and instead focused on the subluxation as the cause of disease rather than microorganisms?

Answer 9

BJ Palmer

Question 10

What term describes the electrochemical signal that draws appropriate cells to an area of injury?

Answer 10

Chemotaxis

Question 11

The chiropractic adjustment takes place within the ____

Answer 11

Paraphysiologic space

Question 12

TRUE/FALSE:
BJ Palmer utilized the germ theory as an opportunity to pose chiropractic as a way to sustain health?

Answer 12

FALSE

Question 13

What theory did DD Palmer use to suggest that the “tone” of the nervous system?

Answer 13

Vibratory theory

Question 14

Chronic inflammations is marked by what events?

Answer 14

• Angiogenesis and connective tissue proliferation
• Infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages

Question 15

Who focused primarily on pelvic biomechanics in order to refine his definition of chiropractic?

Answer 15

Illi

Question 16

Who was the first person to propose the wellness model in chiropractic?

Answer 16

Ian Coulter

Question 17

What doctors published the book, “Modernized Chiropractic?”

Answer 17

Langworthy, Smith, and Paxon

Question 18

What was the purpose of the book Modernized Chiropractic in 1906?

Answer 18

Reject the “bone out of place” theory as too simplistic of an explanation for chiropractic in favor of a focus on joint fixation/motion restriction

Question 19

The article, “Tissue and cellular responses to injury in the spine includes infiltration of histamine, protein derived factors, eicosanoids, proinflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide, degradative enzymes, and substance P and pre-stages development of spinal lesions” describes the ____ hypothesis

Answer 19

Inflammatory

Question 20

What was DD Palmers first theory based on?

Answer 20

Inflammation was the result of “the displacement of any body part: nerve, artery, vein, bone, ligament, or muscle”

Question 21

What doctor(s) came up with the idea that “luxation of bones cause disease?”

Answer 21

DD Palmer

Question 22

TRUE/FALSE:
An audible release occurring from slow application of pressure showed the same reflex response as a high velocity low amplitude thrust?

Answer 22

FALSE

Question 23

Substance P acts when stimulated by the release of ____

Answer 23

Nitric Oxide

Question 24

Who believed that chiropractors should generate clinical data and publish clinical research?

Answer 24

C.O Watkins

Question 25

Who believed in the idea that an injured joint becomes fixated as edema develops around a strained capsule and tissues?

Answer 25

Marcel and Henri Gillet and Fred Illi

Question 26

The term ____ appears in medical journals as early as 1828 (Glasgow Medical Journal) to describe the idea that tenderness of a vertebrae corresponded to a diseased organ

Answer 26

Spinal Irritation

Question 27

Who is considered the contemporary father of the nerve compression hypothesis and encouraged spinal manipulation 2 years before Palmer's birth?

Answer 27

J. Evans **Riadore**

Question 28

During an acute inflammation, what is occurring at the tissue-level response?

Answer 28

Aggressive vascular response marked by infiltration of neutrophils and other leukocytes

Question 29

What gets produced by endothelial cells and macrophages during the inflammatory response?

Answer 29

Nitric oxide

Question 30

TRUE/FALSE: Joint restrictions are always identifiable on plain film radiographs?

Answer 30

FALSE

Question 31

What are the four criteria for subluxation created by BJ Palmer?

Answer 31

1. Misalignment of vertebra in relation to adjacent segments 2. Occlusion of a foramen 3. Pressure on spinal nerve roots 4. Interference to transmission of mental impulses

Question 32

The idea that "opposing surfaces resist separation until a critical point where they separate rapidly creating sustained gas cavities" is termed ____

Answer 32

Tribonucleation

Question 33

The process whereby pressure variations in a liquid can in a short period of time cause countless small cavities to form and then implode is termed ____

Answer 33

Cavitation

Question 34

In acute inflammation, the first mediator stimulating a vascular response is ____

Answer 34

Histamine

Question 35

The HIO (Hole-in-One) technique what created by what doctor?

Answer 35

BJ Palmer

Question 36

The HIO technique is associated with subluxation of ____

Answer 36

C1-C2

Question 37

In acute inflammation, ____ and ____ phagocytize debris and chemotaxic stimulants

Answer 37

Neutrophils Macrophages

Question 38

Who is considered the Founder of Chiropractic?

Answer 38

DD Palmer

Question 39

Who is considered the Developer of Chiropractic?

Answer 39

BJ Palmer

Question 40

What tool was famously used by DD Palmer to see difference in heat and inflammation of patients?

Answer 40

Neurocalometer

Question 41

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

Answer 41

1. Rubor (redness) 2. Tumor (swelling) 3. Calor (fever) 4. Dolor (pain) 5. Functio Laesa (loss of function)

Question 42

The ability for leukocytes to pass through the gaps in capillaries is called ____

Answer 42

Diapedesis (transmigration)

Question 43

What cells are responsible for the release of histamine?

Answer 43

Mast cells and platelets

Question 44

True or False: According to Herzog, stresses and strains on the vertebral artery during chiropractic spinal manipulation of the neck were always much smaller than those produced during passive ROM?

Answer 44

TRUE

Question 45

During a chiropractic adjustment, is it more important to have more force or speed when performing an adjustment?

Answer 45

Speed

Question 46

What year did the Herzog study take place?

Answer 46

2009

Question 47

TRUE/FALSE A reflex response was not seen when there was a high speed of force application via an adjustment?

Answer 47

FALSE

Question 48

According to Kawchuk, what is actually occurring when they performed an adjustment at the metacarpophalangeal joint space?

Answer 48

Tribonucleation (cavity is created)

Question 49

TRUE/FALSE: a chiropractic subluxation can cause nerve root compression

Answer 49

FALSE (all of the following ... except)

Question 50

Substance P is regulated by which of the receptors in the dorsal horn?

Answer 50

NMDA

Question 51

The idea of joint fixation or motion restriction as an explanation for chiropractic was initially presented in 1906 by which author?

Answer 51

Langworthy