Midterm 2

Question 1

For Korr, the “coordinator” of facilitation is:
A) the joint receptor
B) the golgi tendon organ
C) the muscle spindle
D) the anterior horn cell

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT true of the experiment in the article on Z-joint adhesions?
A) large adhesions were found only in the fixed joint groups at weeks 8, 12, and 16
B) adhesions were formed primarily of connective tissue
C) spinal manipulation to the fixed segments broke up the adhesions
D) small adhesions were found in z-joints of both control and fixed groups

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which is recognized by lessened mobility of a joint, altered pressure threshold to pain and signs of neuromusculoskeletal dysfunction?
A) VSC phase 1
B) VSC phase 4
C) VSC phase 3
D) VSC phase 2

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Moderate degenerative changes such as the nucleus bulging into the annulus and damage to the inferior end-plate are associated with grade ____ disc degeneration

Answer 4

3

Question 5

Which of the following models describes sustained contraction and myofascial trigger points leading to a depletion of ATP and an inability to reset the muscle spindle leading to muscle contracture?
A) Sandoz
B) Gatterman-Goe
C) Denslow
D) Patterson-Steinmetz

Answer 5

B

Question 6

A primary contribution to loss of disc height in degeneration is due to progressive ____
A) fracture
B) desiccation
C) myelopathy
D) inhibition

Answer 6

B

Question 7

Type ____ receptors respond to muscle tension and low levels of force during active muscle contraction
A) 1a
B) 1b
C) 1c
D) 1d

Answer 7

1b

Question 8

The ____ hypothesis/model is associated with severe or repeated trauma leading to scarring
A) instability
B) hypomobility
C) Korr
D) Gatterman-Goe

Answer 8

A

Question 9

According to the article on Nimmo technique, following treatment changes were found in all of the following except ____
A) VAS
B) thickness
C) strength
D) elasticity

Answer 9

C

Question 10

Evans postulated that the spine will assume a position of minimum internal energy when ____
A) mechanical equilibrium is achieved
B) antagonistic muscles contract
C) intrinsic spinal muscles contract
D) postural muscles fire

Answer 10

A

Question 11

According to Dvorak, postural muscles have more ____ fibers and ____ in response to SDF and overuse
A) slow twitch; fatigue
B) slow twitch; shorten
C) fast twitch; shorten
D) fast twitch; fatigue

Answer 11

B

Question 12

“A lowered threshold for firing in a spinal cord segment as a result of afferent bombardment associated with spinal lesions” describes ____
A) segmental fixation
B) segmental functionality
C) segmental dysfunction
D) segmental facilitation

Answer 12

D

Question 13

Receptor tonus theory is associated with ____
A) Nimmo
B) Langworthy
C) Gatterman-Goe
D) Korr

Answer 13

A

Question 14

Hadley demonstrated significant damage to the cervical spine following ____
A) motor vehicle accidents (MVAs)
B) segmental facilitation
C) disc degeneration
D) repeated stress injuries

Answer 14

A

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of segmental dysfunction?
A) myelopathy
B) lessened mobility
C) altered threshold to pain
D) muscular dysfunction

Answer 15

A

Question 16

Which is part of the posterior joint?
A) anterior longitudinal ligament
B) ligamentum flavum
C) posterior longitudinal ligament
D) the meninges

Answer 16

B

Question 17

Which of the following can result in symptoms in all of the extremities as well as bowel and bladder dysfunction?
A) myelopathy
B) meniscoid entrapment
C) segmental dysfunction
D) myofascial trigger points

Answer 17

A

Question 18

“Destruction of cord tissue usually from pressure by neoplasms, hematomas, other masses, or severe space restriction from degenerative changes such as stenosis,” describes ____
A) spinal nerve impingement
B) facet hypertrophy
C) ligamentum flavum hypertrophy
D) myelopathy

Answer 18

D

Question 19

VSC phase 2 is characterized by which of the following?
A) fixation
B) inflammation
C) instability
D) immobilization

Answer 19

C

Question 20

____ is found in 76% of all cervical spine injuries from MVAs
A) dislocation
B) medical subluxation
C) hypolordosis
D) hyperlordosis

Answer 20

C
(I couldn’t find this in the notes, other than dislocation… so could be that idk)

Question 21

____ demonstrated that 1kg of pressure applied to the SP of facilitated segments resulted in hyperexcitability of the spinalis muscles
A) Denslow
B) Nimmo
C) Giles
D) Gatterman-Goe

Answer 21

A

Question 22

A ____ refers to cord facilitation that remains after joint motion is restored
A) deep tendon reflex
B) viscerosomatic reflex
C) echo reflex
D) neural scar

Answer 22

D

Question 23

Segmental facilitation is associated with ____
A) central sensitization
B) golgi tendon organs
C) spindle cells
D) presynaptic inhibition

Answer 23

A

Question 24

The ____ model proposes that a trigger point initiates self-perpetuating segmental dysfunction and facilitation
A) Patterson-Steinmetz
B) Gatterman-Goe
C) Dvorak
D) Korr

Answer 24

B

Question 25

Which of the following receptor types respond primarily to stretch? A) golgi tendon organ B) type III fibers C) muscle spindle D) B fibers

Answer 25

C

Question 26

Muscle stiffness is regulated by: A) alpha-motor neurons and gamma-motor neurons B) muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs C) blood flow D) mechanoreceptors and nociceptors

Answer 26

B

Question 27

The concept of spinal learning is associated with which of the following models? A) Patterson-Steinmetz B) Korr C) Gatterman-Goe D) Denslow

Answer 27

A

Question 28

Spindles and golgi tendon organs act together to regulate muscle stiffness, ____ A) muscle tension change and muscle length change B) muscle tension change only C) muscle length only D) tendonous attachments

Answer 28

A

Question 29

____ is described as, "central nervous system regulation of background activity in the fusimotor (the y-motor neuron) system." A) somatovisceral reflex B) golgi tendon reflex C) viscerosomatic reflex D) gamma gain

Answer 29

D

Question 30

"Acute locked back" may be associated with the presence of ____ A) capsular laxity B) facet hypertrophy C) joint effusion D) z-joint meniscoids

Answer 30

D

Question 31

In the Korr model, adjustments may be effective because forceful stretching of muscles would reduce ____ A) vascularity B) adhesions C) joint movement D) gamma gain

Answer 31

D

Question 32

In the article on high grade spondylolisthesis at L6, treatments included all of the following except ____ A) stabilization exercises B) flexion distraction C) soft tissue techniques D) thoracic spinal manipulation

Answer 32

B

Question 33

Disruption of both end-plates, internal collapse of annulus, and reduction of disc height are associated with grade ____ disc degeneration

Answer 33

4

Question 34

The minimal energy hypothesis unified which 2 theories? (Select 2 answers) A) joint fixation B) receptor tonus C) instability D) neural compression

Answer 34

A + B

Question 35

____ have been observed to be affected first in spinal cord compression A) anterior tracts B) sympathetic nerves C) dorsal columns D) motor nerves

Answer 35

C

Question 36

The Patterson-Steinmetz model proposes that ____ A) gamma gain influences spinal learning B) segmental dysfunction results in hypermobility C) the spinal cord can learn even when the influence of the brain is removed D) the brain learns from the spinal cord

Answer 36

C

Question 37

With instability due to high grade spondylolisthesis, which of the following would require immediate surgical referral? A) bowel & bladder dysfunction B) muscular hypertonicity C) low back pain D) radicular pain into the leg

Answer 37

A

Question 38

Maigne proposed that damage to the ____ could affect spinal nerves A) posterior joints B) posterior longitudinal ligament C) anterior discs D) anterior longitudinal ligament

Answer 38

A

Question 39

The mechanism of increased joint capsule tension leading to decreased mechanoreceptor activity and increased nociceptor activity is directly associated with ____ A) increased mechanoreceptor activity B) increased lymphatic flow C) pain-spasm-pain cycle D) joint hypermobility

Answer 39

C

Question 40

Which of the following nerve fibers are small and unmyelinated? A) A alpha B) B beta C) B D) C

Answer 40

C-fibers