Midterm 1 Flashcards

Question

What are the criteria for a good theory (10)

Answer 1

1. Is the theory testable (can be verified, modified and refuted) 2. Does the theory have empirical support? 3. Is the theory useful? 4. Is the theory logically sound? - Clearly defined concepts and making sense within it’s framework 5. Cannot be based on ontological reasoning (circular reasoning) 6. Does the theory make sense out of conflicting positions? - Better to have a theory that accounts for two opposing facts rather than multiple theories to explain the facts 7. Does the theory have sensitizing ability? - A good theory focuses our attention on a new or ignored perspective 8. Is the theory broad in scope? 9. Is the theory parsimonious? - A good theory should be simple while still explaining complex phenomena 10. Is the theory popular?

Answer 2

Dare : Used to deter kids from drug use - Proved to be mostly useless Boomerang effect : Hearing not to do something makes people more likely to test it themselves

Answer 3

All theories must be understood with an awareness of the context in which it was created - Social context : Time period, important events in society, etc. - Personal context : Lived experiences, upbringing, influences

Answer 4

Time - Prohibition - Smoking - Women’s rights Place - Prostitution in amsterdam - Abortion in USA - Beastiality in Lebanon

Answer 5

- Puritan minister Samuel Parris' children began convulsing, barking, strange behavior - Doctors ruled it as demonic possession

Answer 6

Tid Yuba : Parris family's African slave Sarah Goode : Homeless + bad reputation Sarah Osborne : Widow + bad reputation

Answer 7

- All charged and put on trial pleading innocent - Tid Yuba was confronted by Samuel - Yuba confessed and named the other two as accomplices - All were punished, Yuba was not given death

Answer 8

More people began reporting witchcraft - Dying babies, failing agriculture, etc. blamed on witchcraft - Even animals could be executed as accomplices 150 were accused and 22 were killed

Answer 9

Belief that all deviants are sinners - Heretics - anyone who spoke against the church Belief that all deviant acts have cosmic consequences - All deviance is an act against the order of nature (everything is impacted)

Answer 10

Path of temptation - Rooted in the story of the garden of eden - Constant battle to not give into temptation - The individual always has the ability to not give in ; those who do are weak willed Path of possession - The devil has taken control to the individuals mind - Not responsible for their actions - Fathers of the church can free the spirits of the possessed

Answer 11

Judicial system in the catholic church involving heretics or witches (predominantly powerless, uneducated women)

Answer 12

Old, prominent, educated white men who could read and write - Inquisitors were guided by the Malleus Maleficarum

Answer 13

Malleus Maleficarum = Hammer against witches Handbook that tells how to identify, punish and question witches Led witches to give the same answers

Answer 14

Trial by clever test Testimony of others Physical marks of the devil Spectral evidence Confession

Answer 15

- Accused was told to recite Bible verses word for word without error

Answer 16

- Towns people blame them for their misfortunes

Answer 17

- Looked for moles or odd markings on the skin (it meant she was bitten by the devil) - If the mark was "invisible" they would prick the accused to prove she was still sensitive to pain

Answer 18

Accuser claims to have seen a ghost or a floating image (often in a dream) - Believed that the devil was unable to take anyone's shape without consent - The most common form of evidence

Answer 19

- Leaders, healers and visionaries in pagan faith - Branded witches by the christian church and state (worshippers of the devil)

Answer 20

Sexual interaction that was rumored to be unpleasant and cold

Answer 21

It was believed that women could braid men's fate with it

Answer 22

1st : Few confessed 2nd : Nearly all confessed 3rd : The rest confessed if they didn't die

Answer 23

- Pagans (worshiped the earth, spirits and many gods) - Singles - The elderly - Widows - Midwives (helped manage the pain of childbirth, abortions, birth control) - Poor - Women who gathered at night

Answer 24

- Priests were upset that the wise women got god’s credit for childbirth - Sexuality became sin, women labeled as temptresses - Black plague (punishment of sin, agriculture issues, more women (meant they were more likely to be independent)) - Renaissance (emergence of capitalism, witchcraft became profitable (jobs, witches assets seized)) - Malleus Maleficarum

Answer 25

1.The hope for personal salvation through repentance and being spared death 2. A confession legitimized the entire interrogation and ordeal

Answer 26

1. The head crusher 2. Heretics fork 3. Inquisitional chair 4. Spanish tickler 5. Strappado 6. Judas' cradle 7. The rack

Answer 27

Individual hanging from their arms by a rope - Shoulders could be dislocated from their sockets - Individual could be jerked up and down - Weights could be added

Answer 28

Individual hoisted with ropes above a “stool” (sharp pyramid) that they are dropped on

Answer 29

Preparatory stage : Done to elicit and obtain a confession Preliminary stage : Done to obtain additional information about accomplices

Answer 30

283 laws engraved on a stone based on retribution. - Ex : If a son strikes his father, cut off the sons hand - Ex : If a son tells his adoptive parents that they aren’t his parents, he will lose his tongue

Answer 31

Burning at the stake - symbolic of burning in hell The wheel - They pegged the sinners to the wheel and beat them with a blunt object - They broke the bones because they are seen as the strongest part of the body to break the hold of an evil spirit on an earthly body

Answer 32

The scold's bridle The ducking stool The drunkard's cloak The Shrew’s fiddle

Answer 33

- Made of metal and goes over the WOMAN’s head that had to be worn in public - There was a spoke that pierced them when they spoke - Used if gossip, if she spoke against any male, using inappropriate language for a woman

Answer 34

- WOMAN is paraded through the town toward a body of water where she is teeter tottered in and out of it - Used for gossip, nagging, disorderly conduct, prostitution, speaking against men

Answer 35

- Those who engaged in abuse of alcohol - They had to walk around in a barre

Answer 36

- Larger hole at the top and smaller holes below - Used only with women who spoke out, were argumentative or gossiped. - Often used on women who argued with each other - Women are required to talk out their differences on opposite ends

Answer 37

Accused must go through some sort of unpleasant oreal that will determine guilt - God would minimise their injuries and prevent death if they were innocent

Answer 38

1. Trial by heat 2. Trial by cold water 3. Trial by wager of law 4. Trial by cursed morsel 5. Trial by combat

Answer 39

The accused is taken to a body of cold water, their limbs are tied and they are thrown in - If they floated, they were guilty (water was rejecting that individual)

Answer 40

Accused takes an oath and find 12 reputable people in the community who also take an oath and attest to the character of the accused If they failed, it was a sign of their guilt

Answer 41

- Reserved for clergymen - Accused is forced to swallow food in which a feather is concealed. If they choked, they were guilty because god had not saved them

Answer 42

- Reserved for clergymen - Accused is forced to swallow food in which a feather is concealed. If they choked, they were guilty because god had not saved them

Answer 43

Reserved for the wealthy

Answer 44

Belief that god has chosen the king to rule - It is sacred and unquestionable - He has the right to do whatever he deems necessary - Only held accountable by the church If the king is questioned : treason (political violation) and heresy (religious violation)

Answer 45

1. Re-defined private wrongs as “crimes against the king” (robbery, assault, etc.) 2. Introduced a massive criminalization of previously non-criminal acts - More crimes meant more money for the monarch 3. He used “circuit royal judges” to ensure that his laws were being enforced

Answer 46

- Royal judges would oversee cases from across england - They would discuss the punishments handed down and how they should be dealt with in the future - Based on “stare decisis” (to stand by past decisions)

Answer 47

Son of King henry the II One of the worse kings of all time - When a baron died, their son or daughter was required to pay for the land - The baroness had to pay to stay single - High taxes He was the reason Magna carta was signed in 1215

Answer 48

Barons wanted King John to respect the law and begun a rebellion Gave all free men the right to justice - ONLY applied to free men, not peasants serving a master. The majority were not free men - First time that no one was above the law (Rule of law)

Answer 49

Accused could avoid torture before conviction if he “put himself upon his country” - Stand before a jury of his peers - Other trials were replaced by trial by jury

Answer 50

12 jurors Jury was made up by people who knew the accused and victim - Prominent men in society - Jury must be unanimous, for a guilty verdict, all 12 must agree (Hung jury) - A jury could be put on trial in front of another larger jury (24) if they were charged of perjury

Answer 51

If an accused wanted to avoid ta trial by jury, they would be subjected to "peine forte et dure" - “Pressing” → person is laid naked on the floor and a wooden plank with weights - Individual could die without being convicted and the monarch could not confiscate their property

Answer 52

The name given to policy during the middle ages due to its severe punishments

Answer 53

1. Death penalty 2. The gibbet 3. The stocks and pillory 4. Flogging / whipping 5. Branding 6. Mutilation 7. Exile 8. Transportation 9. Hulks

Answer 54

- A form of entertainment - The crowd was encouraged to participate (shout and throw) - Accused expected to admit their guilt and plead their mercy / allegiance to the king. - Beheading for nobles or women - Hangings for commoners - Pain was meant to create a separation between accused and “normal citizens”

Answer 55

1. Drawing : dragging the accused with a horse (broken bones, bruises, etc.) 2. Hanging : rope tied around the neck and slowly strangled the accused. Buildup of pressure leading to loss of bladder control. Many died by the rope first 3. Drawing : Intestines pulled out after death and burned while the accused was alive 4. Quartering : All 4 limbs were removed and dragged to different parts of the country

Answer 56

- Cage hung along roads and waterways until they decomposed - Strictly for MEN - Used as a deterrent for the population - If they were quartered, one part of the body was gibbeted and the rest were gibbeted elsewhere

Answer 57

- A wooden plank with holes for the head and hands - Humiliation and public participation, people could do what they wanted - Sometimes they would nail their earlobe to the board - For perjury, dishonest shopkeeping, etc.

Answer 58

- More systematic banishment - Sent to the british colonies to serve a period of indentured servitude (basically slaves) - Generally 7 yrs - Afterwards, they were given land - 1776, colonies declared independence so most were sent to australia

Answer 59

- Old warships converted to floating prisons - Filth and disease killed almost half of prisoners - Overcrowding - Land work before returning back to the ship at night

Answer 60

The search and deliberate harassment of people whose opinions or actions are regarded as unpopular or wrong Examples : - Trump - Cancel culture - Slut shaming

Answer 61

An outburst of concern over the spread of satanic rituals and beliefs Examples : - McDonalds donations to a satanic cause - Backmasking - Mcmartins case - ritual sexual assault case

Answer 62

An exaggerated outburst of public concern that someone or something is a threat to societal values, safety and / or interests Ex : - US immigration - COVID (Microchips in vaccines) - Vaccines causing autism

Answer 63

An individual / group / institution who is committed to the creation and enforcement of rules against what they define as “threatening” Examples : - Al Gore - Parents Music Resource Center - Mother's against drunk driving - Trump

Answer 64

Who or what is blamed for threatening the social order - Can be fictional or not Examples : - Gay people blamed for AIDS - Momo fictional and blamed for children’s self harm - Marilyn Manson

Midterm 1 Flashcards

(88 cards)