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ANTH 121 > MIDTERM 1 > Flashcards

MIDTERM 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Anthropology

A

study of humanity

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2
Q

5 anthropology fields

A

Biological anthropology
linguistic anthropology
archaeology
cultural anthropology
applied anthropology

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3
Q

culture

A

learned set of beliefs practices/symbols

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4
Q

what 4 things can we use to define/distinguish culture?

A

observe similarities btw people
conduct interviews
make observations
cultural participation and observation

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5
Q

archaeology and how its conducted

A

human past using material culture

using survey/excavation

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6
Q

biological anthropology

A

study human biological origins, evolution and variation

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7
Q

what things do biological anthropologists study?

A

living populations, DNA, fossils and non-human primates

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8
Q

linguistic anthropology

A

relationship between language and culture/identity/worldview and to document/preserve endangered languages

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9
Q

applied anthropology

A

use anthropological knowledge to solve practical problems

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10
Q

what 4 things does applied anthropology develop/accomplish?

A

mediate cultural differences
develop land use practices
develop government policy
provide better healthcare

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11
Q

where is applied anthropology conducted?

A

outside of academic setting

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12
Q

Psychic unity/plasticity

A

all groups of humans share same basic emotional/intellectual capacities

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13
Q

without what would we not be able to understand differences between groups of people?

A

Psychic unity/plasticity

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14
Q

Plasticity

A

every human can learn/participate in culture/learned lnaguages

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15
Q

Holism

A

nothing can be understood by looking only at single aspect of complex bodies, societies and cultures and you must consider as many aspects as possible

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16
Q

with holism in mind, how do anthropologists (who specialize) fully understand a large concept?

A

collaborate with other anthropologists

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17
Q

where are comparisons conducted across

A

space, time, cultures, societies, and species

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18
Q

armchair anthropology

A

making conclusions without first hand knowledge

characteristic of early anthropology

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19
Q

how is armchair anthropology combatted?

A

fieldwork

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20
Q

descriptive vs normative

A

the way things are vs way things should be

value judgements (good/bad) vs not

is vs ought statements

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21
Q

is most anthropology descriptive or normative?

A

descriptive

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22
Q

ethnocentrism

A

common human tendency to view own groups as normal, natural, superior etc. compared to others

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23
Q

what does ethnocentrism prevent?

A

ability to understand/study other cultures

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24
Q

cultural relativism

A

way of understanding people better

suspending what is “normal” from own culture to understand others without judgement

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25
enculturation
process by which we acquire culture from other members of our group
26
how is enculturation enacted (4 things)?
Instruction Emulation Implicit/explicit Other cultural participants
27
recombination and example
combining existing things to make something new heavy meta (rock and blues + distortion + large bass and drums)
28
how is cultural diffusion spread?
geography trade colonization
29
how is diffusion amplified?
modern globalization
30
cumulative culture
build up over time
31
agency
human ability to exercise control over lives/make choices
32
agent
something that has agency
33
institutions
enduring practices that organize social life
34
what thing helps humans make sense of the world, basis for communication, and an arbitrary relationship?
Symbols
35
Biocultural organisms
human biology and culture intertwined
36
examples of non-human culture
chimpanzee grooming tools whales and dolphins differencing in vocalizations and sea sponge noses for hats
37
ethnographic research and examples
process of research observations, surveys, interviews
38
ethnography
description/interpretation of that conducted from ethnographic research
39
5 steps to a problem oriented research
establish question before field choose methods/theory collect data analyze/interpret publish results
40
multi-sited research
research conducted in multiple locations
41
participant observation and example
travel to location and participate in day to day life over years/decades immersive long term research Bronislaw Malinowski and the Trobriand islanders
42
emic vs etic perspective
emic: insider (participants of culture) etic: outsider (anthropologists)
43
defamiliarization
taking something familiar and framing it to seem different/unfamiliar allows us to reflect on what is deemed "normal"
44
how are informants chosen?
people in posisitions of authority outgoing people people we like
45
garbology
study of modern garbage
46
examples of anthropological qualitative data
audio recordings/notes, testimonies, relationships
47
exmaples of anthropological quantitative data
opinion surveys, nutritional data, income
48
layers of a thick description
Layer 1: basic accounting of what's been learned Layer 2: context Layer 3: anthropological interpretation
49
the 4 major ethical considerations in anthropology
Do no harm Informed consent Protect Informants Publication
50
what is language?
system of sounds, gestures and characters assigned meaning by different speech communities
51
what stores cultural information and allows us to reproduce culture?
language
52
example of a biocultural phenomenon
language
53
despite languages constantly changing, what 2 basic rules do languages have?
have basic grammatical categories have basic rules for word order (syntax)
54
what make humans have a biologically innate capacity for language?
structure of vocal tract brain primed for language
55
when was the first origin of language?
2.6 million- 40,000 years ago
56
no direct evidence of language prior to what?
writing
57
how many distinct animal calls are there?
15-40
58
animal calls are what kind of system?
closed systems: calls are not added/combined to create new meaning
59
what makes the human language distinct?
openness arbitrariness displacement
60
Phonemes and examples
minimal units of sound glottal stop, rolled R's click languages
61
morphemes and examples
minimal units of meaning anti-, pro-, -ing
62
Kinesics and examples
positioning/motion of body conveys information body language, facial expressions, gestures
63
proxemics and example
use of space communicates social/cultural information high status people command more personal space
64
prosodity and exmaples
additional characteristics of speech apart from words pitch, volume, tempo rising intonation at end of question sarcasm
65
lexicon and examples
collection of words in a language motor vehicle terms, gaming terms etc
66
the importance of concept in a language is reflected in the use of what? example
metaphors money embedded in how we speak (time is money, spending your weekend, you bet!)
67
Sapir (whorf hypothesis/linguistic relativity) and example
all languages capable of expressing same things, but some communicate concepts more easily color experiments, different understanding of direction, gendered occupation names, time and tenses not found in some languages (Hopi, USA)
68
proto-language and example
group of related languages that share common language ancestor germanic language families include English, German, dutch
69
indo European
language family that includes most languages of India, Europe, and Iran
70
how was the indo-european language diversified?
migrations
71
what time period did the Indo-European language form?
neolithic/Bronze Age
72
language isolates and exmaple
language with no known relatives Basque (Spain and France) and Ainu (northern Japanese islands)
73
share cognates and exmaple
words with common origin (birch bark, birch tree)
74
slang
markers of distinct identity
75
semantic change and exmaple
change in meaning of words over time (shift as speakers use words to mean slightly different things) gentle: high-status > courteous > mild-mannered/kind
76
taboo replacement
when we give new meanings to words to avoid speaking directly about taboo subjects (reproduction, death, excretion)
77
syncope and examples
contraction in middle of word due to unpronounced letters/syllables Calg(a)ry, choc(o)late, temper(a)ture
78
the great vowel shift (1350-1700 CE)
impacted pronunciation of all vowels in English immigration following the Black Death influence of new French aristocrats many discrepancies between English pronunciation/spelling
79
loan words and examples
words borrowed from other languages ex. in English: entrepreneur, faux pas
80
Pidgin languages and example
hybrid languages used in restricted work settings reduced vocab and simple grammar with no native speakers ex. Chinese pidgin english
81
Creole languages and example
develop from pidgin languages and become new native language ex. patois, Haitian creole (French and west African languages) these languages developed among enslaved peoples
82
what is associated with the development of creole languages?
mixing of cultural groups
83
dialect
a major variant of language
84
the standard form
most common, codified form of speech more prestigious/formal
85
speech community
group of people that interact through speech
86
what are speech communities unified by?
speech norms
87
speech norms
appropriate topics, grammatical forms and vocab
88
linguistic insecurity and exmaples
speech that avoids direct assertions to avoid conflict with addressee Hedge words, tag questions, rising connotations
89
Hedge words
qualify or blunt statements
90
tag questions
transforms statements into questions
91
rising intonation
implies uncertainty or question
92
linguistic insecurity is complicated by what 2 main things?
context status
93
example of linguistic alternatives for men/women
yana language, california
94
what leads to the formation of distinct speech communities?
Geographical, occupational and educational separations
95
2 examples of differing speech communities
English in New York (different use of "r" in speech) African-American Vernacular English (AAVE)
96
what helps to signal group identity, becomes parts if lexicons, signal cultural interest and are synonyms for existing words?
Slang
97
Code switching
situationally changing between communication modes
98
Linguistic inequality and examples
speech that exists in world of power differences language in Canadian residential schools, Basque language loss

ANTH 121 (3 decks)

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