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ANTH 121 > MIDTERM 2 > Flashcards

MIDTERM 2 Flashcards

(88 cards)

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1
Q

foragers

A

food is collected from local environment

little surplus

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2
Q

foragers live in small or large population densities?

A

small

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3
Q

carrying capacity

A

number of people an environment can support

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4
Q

malthus

A

theorized that societies tend to exceed environments carrying capacities

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5
Q

when carrying capacity is approached what 3 things do communities do?

A

migrate
intensify (invest more labor)
innovate

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6
Q

residential mobility

A

whole group moves

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7
Q

logistic mobility

A

sub-group moves to collect resources

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8
Q

nomadic

A

move place to place

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9
Q

what environment is sedentary allowed to exist in?

A

productive environments

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10
Q

pastoralism

A

subsistence strategy relying on raising livestock

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11
Q

horticulture

A

small-scale farming for personal use

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12
Q

what method of horticulture do the Yanomami people of Brazil/venezuela use?

A

slash and burn

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13
Q

agriculture

A

large-scale use of domesticated plants/animals

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14
Q

when did agriculture develop?

A

12000-7000 years ago

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15
Q

6 consequences of food production

A

new technologies
population increase
declining population health
specialization
increased surplus
different forms of social organization

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16
Q

domestication

A

organisms changed through human control of demography, reproduction diet etc.

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17
Q

what are select traits desirable to humans considered in domestication

A

disposition
taste
size

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18
Q

what changed in plants with human domestication?

A

ability to reproduce on their own
gigantism
sweeter, less fibrous

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19
Q

what 3 reasons caused agriculture to develop in human society

A

cimate
population pressure
social forces

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20
Q

foodways

A

cultural norms surrounding food/eating

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21
Q

food staples and examples

A

what makes a proper meal

NA = meat
Asian countries = rice
Chaga people, Tanzania = bananas/plantain

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22
Q

food taboos

A

foods forbidden to eat

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23
Q

what do food taboos create?

A

distinctions in ethnicity, class, gender

sense of identity/belonging

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24
Q

example of food taboo

A

Nukak (nomadic foragers/farmers of columbian amazon)

hunting tapir is taboo despite food value
avoid tapir tracks in the woods
contain ancestor spirits

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25
food sharing
preparing food and eating in a group/social setting
26
what 3 things does food sharing do?
express solidarity/maintain social bonds demonstrates staus reaffirms cultural values
27
economic anthropology
all aspects of how humans meet their needs/wants broader focus on non-market economics
28
the 3 phases of economic activity
production distribution consumption
29
means of production
land, labor, capital to make things
30
relations of production and exmaple
relationships formed around production employer/employee
31
modes of production
combination of means and relations of production into bigger systems
32
3 modes of production
domestic tributary capitalist
33
domestic production
organized around family/household relationships subsistence farming (family consumption rather then sale)
34
production for use vs exchange
use: clear goals, limited production exchange: unclear infinite goals, intensive production
35
tributary production
production largely domestic but portion of production is given to rulers as tribute
36
capitalist production
workers sell labor to capitalist class who owns means of production
37
3 ways of exchanging things
reciprocity redistribution market exchange
38
reciprocity and what does it do?
exchange of gifts creates social connections and communicates cultural values (generosity/selflessness)
39
3 steps of gift exchange
give accept reciprocate
40
types of reciprocity
generalized: time/value of return gift not specified balanced: return gift of equal value in specific time negative: parties try to get better of the exchange
41
potlatch and what do they do
redistribution ceremony practiced by indigenous NW coast peoples creates/reaffirms relationships meets economic needs/wants
42
market
institution for regulating exchange
43
multipurpose medium of exchange
money
44
what can be considered a negative form of reciprocity?
money
45
utility
personal satisfaction gained through consumption
46
47
what things can objects be symbols for?
class nationality sports team preference
48
inelastic demand
demand remains stable despite change in price
49
informal economics and example
economic activity unregulated/untaxed grey markets
50
what countries are disposable clothing sent to?
SA, Asia and Africa
51
consumption
process of buying/using up products
52
consumption is a medium for expressing what?
personal, social and cultural identity
53
consumer lead trends
consumer behaviour drives changes in production/distribution
54
examples of consumer led trends
ethically sourced goods fair trade organic local goods
55
conspicuous consumption
buying/consuming in a visible way
56
advertising is designed to appeal to who?
different social categories
57
brand tribalism
people view brands as persons and form social relationships
58
political economy
relationship between politics and economics
59
how is political power derived?
from economic control of land, money and labor
60
what 2 things is class defined by?
wealth occupation
61
caste
endogamous occupational groups in hierarchal systems
62
evolutionism
idea that societies process through series of stages savagery to barbarism to civilization
63
4 categories of social complexity
band societies tribe chiefdom state
64
band societies
small-scale foragers lack formal leadership few status differences little economic specialization have exchange based on reciprocity
65
tribe
next above bands leaders emerge organically few formal rules of succession gain followers in indebting others to them equal access to wealth and prestige big men lead by example/persuasion
66
segmentary lineages
hierarchy of lineages arranged in nested structure
67
chiefdom
3rd highest social complexity leadership positions become institutionalized/hierarchy leaders have greater access to resources/prestige greater ability to coerce and economic specialization
68
example of an early chiefdom
Mississippian culture (cahokia)
69
states
highest social complexity have bureaucracy with significant power large populations supported by agriculture significant stratification
70
circumscription
extracting from people more labor/goods then they would otherwise produce
71
states and non-states
people who have affectively resisted incorporation into states
72
Hobbes vs rousseau ideologies
Hobbes: states perpetuate injustice Rousseau: state undermine natural human tendency for cooperation
73
what are 3 characteristics of human nature?
self-interested group-interested culturally/symbolically motivated
74
4 types of reinforcement
positive - rewards negative - punishment formal - laws/rules/regs informal - unspoken expectations
75
what does gossip cause us to do?
change behaviour
76
sodalities
mechanisms that create connectedness between people who are not family
77
age sets and examples
sodalities that organize people based on age grades in primary education Maasai - boys, junior warrior, senior warrior, elders
78
secret societies and exmaples
social groups based on access to secret knowledge Poro and Sande, west africa Frats/sororities
79
interpersonal power
ability of one individual to impose their will on another
80
3 modes of social power
interpersonal organizational structural
81
organizational power
ability to control others in particular social settings
82
structural power
control over social settings
83
84
persuasion
reasoned arguments
85
what do power in states rely on?
formal coercive methods
86
gramsci vs scott
Gramsci: people are generally unaware of how elite ideologies disadvantage them Scott: people are aware but maintain a public facade of compliance (revolution is unlikely to succeed)
87
power in non-states
use informal persuasive methods individuals have more ability to resist authority/leave coercion may be practiced including lethal force
88

ANTH 121 (3 decks)

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