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ANTH 121 > MIDTERM 3 > Flashcards

MIDTERM 3 Flashcards

(89 cards)

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1
Q

sex

A

biological characteristics related to reproduction

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2
Q

the 3 characteristics of sex

A

morphological (primary and secondary)
gonadal (ovaries and testes)
chromosomal (xy and xx)

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3
Q

gender

A

culturally constructed categories /meanings for perceived sex differences

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4
Q

how is gender expressed

A

symbols

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5
Q

what does gender organize?

A

social life (expected roles, statuses, behaviours)

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6
Q

biological determination

A

view that human behaviour is exclusively outcome of our biological bodies

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7
Q

3 symbols of gender

A

language (prosody, kinesics, vocab etc.)
consumption (styles of dress)
objects/locations

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8
Q

how are gender roles reinforced?

A

social/legal pressures

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9
Q

many societies divide work based on what?

A

sex/gender

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10
Q

Scythians

A

nomadic horse people from Ukraine

wore gnome hats

male-bodied people adopted women symbolic/social roles

fulfilled important judicial functions for the king

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11
Q

two-spirit and examples

A

people who combine male/female roles

indigenous NA cultures (Zuni, Navajo)

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12
Q

which culture has a 3rd gender identity?

A

Hijra/Kinnar, South Asia

neither male or female
male bodied but feminine identified

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13
Q

patriarchy

A

society where men hold power in all/most domains

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14
Q

matriarchy

A

society where women hold power

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15
Q

spatial separation

A

women barred from activities, spaces and property rights

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16
Q

gender roles among the san

A

no status difference between men/women
men/women do different work
participate in different rituals/dances
both may become respected healers

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17
Q

sexuality

A

rooted in human reproduction with significant personal/cultural variation

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18
Q

heteronormativity

A

heterosexual monogamous relationships considered normal, natural and preferred

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19
Q

3 groups of reinforcements that regulate normative sexual behaviour

A

legal marriage

tax law, visitation of rights

ceremony, ritual, media

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20
Q

sexuality among the san

A

sexual play in young people is considered normal

women/men expected to seek/enjoy sex

divorce is simple to obtain

sexual abuse rare

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21
Q

kinship

A

culturally recognized ties between related people

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22
Q

there is significant cultural variation between what 4 groups?

A

status/roles
childcare
suitable marriage partners
appropriate sexual relationships

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23
Q

titles like mother/brother indicate what 4 things?

A

how to behave
our responsibilities
who has authority over us
who we have authority over

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24
Q

kinship status in the san

A

joking vs respect/avoidance relationships

different forms of address (formal/informal)

same gender siblings = joking

parent/child = respect

son in law/mother in law are not supposed to speak at all

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25
consanguineal
connections based on blood connections
26
affinal
relationships created through affinity (marriage)
27
chosen kin
family by choice rather then blood/marriage adoption or close friendships
28
lineage
trace direct descent to known ancestor
29
clan
belief in common ancestor even if links aren't known
30
what are clans composed of?
multiple lineages
31
bilateral descent
descent traced through both families
32
unilineal descent
descent traded through mother OR fathers family
33
what does each thing on a kinship diagram represent?
triangle = male circle = female horizontal line = sibling/marriage relationship vertical line = parent/child relationship ego = individual of reference
34
patrilineages
descent through father inheritance from father to son
35
what is the most common form of lineage organization?
patrilineages
36
matrilineages
descent through mother inheritance from mother to daughter OR from mothers brother to nephew
37
parallel cousins (Hawaiian system)
children of fathers brother or mothers sister
38
cross-cousins (Hawaiian system)
children of fathers sister or mothers brother
39
san name relationships
limited pool of names no family names nicknames
40
family
smallest group of individuals who view themselves as related live together interact daily/share resources
41
nuclear/conjugal family
parents and dependent children
42
extended family
at least 3 generations sharing a household norm in parts of Asia, Middle East and Africa
43
adoption
transforms non-kin to kin
44
endogamy
marriage within a refined social group
45
exogamy
marriage outside a defined social group
46
4 types of social boundaries
class culture religion language
47
neolocal
new location
48
patrilocal
near grooms fathers family
49
matrilocal
near brides mothers family
50
avunculocal
near grooms mothers brother (uncle)
51
monogamy
one spouse at a time
52
Polygamy
more than one spouse at a time
53
2 forms of polygamy
polygyny polyandry
54
polygyny
one man married to multiple women
55
Sororal polygyny
man marries group of female siblings
56
polyandry
one women married to multiple men
57
Fraternal polyandry
women marries group of male siblings
58
san men in polygynous relationships are likely to be what?
healers
59
dowry
from parents of bride to groom/his family
60
bride wealth
transfer of resources from family of groom to family of bride
61
opposite of dowry
bridewealth
62
bride service
groom provides period of labor to the bride's family
63
arranged marriage
marriages organized by families of participants
64
sorority marriage
widower marries wife's sister
65
Levirate marriage
widow marries husbands brother
66
what is ritual identified by?
activities such as speech, singing, dancing, gestures
67
boundary zones and examples
space between profane/sacred world caves and temples
68
rituals to prevent pollution
baths purification
69
4 examples of participation/offerings
eating/drinking Song Gestures Sacrifices
70
3 stages of rite of passage
Separation - left behind the old life Transition - liminal period (communitas) Reaggregation or incorporation (return to community on new form)
71
western cultural myths
Origins in greek and roman antiquity Sense of contiguity and legitimacy Cultural concerns over decline/fall of civilization “The fall of rome”
72
magic
Practices intended to directly use or control supernatural forces rather than through intersection of a deity etc
73
sympathetic magic
like causes like; symbolic representation of subject or effect
74
Contagion
objects/people may transfer power or contamination through contact
75
Divination
predict future events
76
religion
Set of practices/beliefs related to scared things Extend human relationships to non-humans usually supernatural
77
supernatural
phenomena beyond human perception
78
Anthropomorphic
human-like beings with personalities and goals
79
animism
animating spirits/souls
80
animatism
impersonal supernatural force/energy
81
san ancestor spirits
high/low god and numerous human/animal spirits Ancestors become lonely and wished to be joined Causes illness and misfortune Healing involves discouraging spirits Appeased by naming descendants after them
82
priests vs shamans
priests - full-time ritual specialists segregated from society common in state societies shamans - part-time religious practitioners can travel/contact supernatural forces directly offer advice, healing and divination common in non-state societies
83
proto-sciences
attempt to understand, predict and control natural phenomena
84
6 explanations fro religion (people names)
Golden bough malinowski freud marx Harris emil Durkheim
85
Syncretism and examples
blending of different traditions Catholic saints and indigenous religious figures Roman pantheism Ancient egyptian religion
86
what 3 things is change commonly associated with?
political, economic and social movements
87
Revitalization
deliberate, organized attempt to strengthen religion
88
nativism
rejection of reform/return to “old ways”
89
Maji Maji rebellion (tanzania)
1905 German east Africa economic/religious/political movement opposed and fought german colonial forces Led by religious figure (Bokero)

ANTH 121 (3 decks)

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