Midterm 1 Flashcards

(122 cards)

1
Q

What was the Nursing Education in Canada like?

A
  • There is no informal training
  • governed mainly by religious orders
  • People learned through hands-on experience while working alongside experienced caregivers
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2
Q

Florence Nightingale

A
  • founder of modern nursing; provided care during the Crimean War
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3
Q

How did training/ education in Nursing shift or change over time?

A
  • apprenticeship model–> physical led –> institutional learning
  • formal curriculums combining classroom instruction + clinical practice
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4
Q

What bloomed in 1908 that united nurses across Canada to help improve nursing education, promote professional development,t and address issues like working conditions and public health initiatives?

A

1905: Canadian National Association of Trained Nurses (CNATN)

… now known as CNA today

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5
Q

When did the Canadian National Trained Nursing Association (CNATN) become the Canadian Nurses Association (CNA?

A

in 1924

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6
Q

What was created in 1970’s?

A

Hospital-based schools

  • Nursed were trained directly within hospitals
  • Students often provided pt care as part of their training
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7
Q

What emerged in 1980’s?

A

Emergence of collaborative partnerships with colleges and universities

College: hands-on practice
Un: theoretical and research-based learning

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8
Q

When was Nurses included in the Canada Health Act (CNA)?

A

In 1984, federal legislation that establishes the principle for publicly funded healthcare in Canada

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9
Q

What is the International Council of Nurses?… it’s relation to the First Code of Ethics?

A
  • 1st global ethical framework for Nurses
  • it outlines the principle and values that guide the nursing practice worldwide.
  • IN 1954-, CNA adapted the first code of ethics
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10
Q

What are the Carper’s 4 Ways of Knowing?

A

Empirical, Personal, Ethics and Aesthetics

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11
Q

Empirical (science of Nursing)

A
  • objective evidence based knowledge
    ie.) Understanding a&p, pathpharm
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12
Q

Personal

A
  • subjective
    understanding one’s own beliefs, values and emotions to connect with patients
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13
Q

Ethical

A
  • understanding and applying ethical principles to make decisions about what is right and wrong
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14
Q

Aesthetics (art of nursing)

A
  • intuitive and creative aspects of nursing practice
    ie.) Doing VS in a more efficient way as you become more of an experienced nurse
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15
Q

What does it mean when Nursing is called to be a self- regulated profession?

A
  • has the ability and authority to regulate itself rather than being directly governed by external bodies such as the government
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16
Q

Scope of Practice

A
  • what nurses are legally allowed to do
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17
Q

Standards of Practice

A
  • how they should do it safely, competently and ethically
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18
Q

What’s the name of the RN’s Regulatory Body in Alberta?

A

College of Registered Nurses of Alberta (CRNA)

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19
Q

Canadian Association of School in Nursing (CASN)

A

ensures that Nursing programs align with natinal standards for nursing education and practice

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20
Q

Professional Identity in Nursing (4)

A

Values + ethics
-knowledge
-leadership
- professional comportment

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21
Q

Describe concept

A

idea/ general impression that represents some aspect of persona/ human experience

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22
Q

Describe a theory

A
  • consists of multiple concepts
  • used to describe, clarify, or predict a phenomenon
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23
Q

Function of Theory

A
  • provide basis and aid in understanding a phenomenon
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24
Q

Model

A

visual representation

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25
Conceptual Frameowrk
-group of related ideas, statements or concepts - help guide the theory
26
Paradigm
- pattern or framework of shared beliefs, assumptions and understanding about the nature of reality - AKA.. a pattern of beliefs and practices - IN nursing: it is a way of thinking that shapes how people in nursing understand and address problems
27
Building Blocks of a Theory (4)
-Constructs(What), -Propositons (How), -Logic (Why?), -Assumptions/ boundary conditions (who, when and where)
28
Constructs (What)
more specific ideas carefully selected from a concept to help explain the specific phenomenon -ie.) Concept: health... constructs: Mental Health
29
Propositions (How?)
-how constructs are related to each other (based on deductive knowledge) ie.) Regular exercise improve mental health - constructs: exercise, mental health
30
Logic (why?)
-why the relationship between constructs (what) and propositions (how) are connected. ie.) Exercise improves mental health bc it involves the release of endorphins in your body which aids in making you more positive
31
Assumptions/ boundary conditions (Who, When and Where)
- who the theory applies to, when it can be used and where it's relevant ie.) Assumptions: people are capable of exercise and want to improve their health Boundary Condition: (limit of a theory of to where it works and where it doesn't)
32
Characteristics of a good theory (6)
1.) Logical Consistency: should make sense and not contradict each other 2.)Empirical Support: real-world evidence based 3.)Applicability: in real life situations or specific contexts + not just limited scope 4.)Testability: must be testable 5.)Falsifiability**: allows for the possibility of being proven wrong if new evidence contradicts it 6.)Parsimony: simple and concise
33
Metaparadigm
- "big picture" - primary concepts that are of interest and importance to a profession - Nursing accdg to Fawcett (1983): Person, Environment, Health and Nursing
34
Purpose of Nursing Theory:
- to guide nursing practice and nursing knowledge - Describe: what happens -Prescribe: what to do -Predict : what will happen - Explain: why it happens
35
4 Levels of Theoretical Thinking in Nursing:
Meta Theory, Grand Nursing and MidRange Theory, nursing practice/microrange
36
Meta- Theory
highly abstract and universal, highest level of theoretical thinking - ie.) discussion about the role of nursing in society, the rs between nursing and other disciplines
37
Grand Theory
- abstract, more broad + general concepts rather than specific - cannot be directly tested ie.) Explain general concepts about nursing, health and care
38
Midrange/ Middle Range Theory
- narrow scope, links the grand and practice theories - may be directly tested ie.)Focus on specific aspects like coping,pain, management or cultural care
39
Nursing practice/ Micro-range Theory
- developed for use within specific nursing care situations ie.) can be applied directly in practice and evaluated for effectiveness
40
What is Nightingale Theory (1860)?
- the act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist them in their recovery - she believed that a healthy environment is important for patient to recover
41
What did Nightingale believe about Health?
She linked health with canons, standards, environmental factors which are: - pure/ fresh air, noise, variety (beautiful objects), diet,light, cleanliness
42
Fundamentals of Care Framework purpose
- guides and potentially predicts the care nurses provide to patients/ clients
43
Fundamentals of Care : Levels and Integration of Care
-1.) Policy level: broad, external influences on care delivery ie.) Financial, quality and safety, governance, regulation, and accreditation -2.) System level: operational and internal factors within organizations ie.) Resources (availability of staff and etc), Evaluation and Feedback, Leadership, Culture -3.) Integration of Care: holistic, pt centered healthcare ie.) Psychosocial care recipient needs (respect, dignity), Physical Care (rest+ sleep), Relational caregiver actions ( being empathetic, being present), Relationship (trust, focus, anticipate)
44
Strength's Based Nursing
- emphasizes identifying and utilizing pt's inherent strengths to promote health and healing
45
Patricia Benner's Novice to Exper Theory
- offers a pathway for skill development in nursing - allow nursing programs to use this module to structure curriculum and training programs - 5 Levels: Novice, Advanced Beginner, Competent, Proficient and Expert
46
***Katharine Kolcaba's Theory of Comfort
- Comfort is the fundamental human need and a primary goal of "healthcare"
47
Virginia Henderson's Need Theory
- idea that nurses care for pt's until the pt can care for themselves - unable to meet 1 or more of the "14 basic needs"
48
Dorothea Orem's Self Care Deficit Theory
- pt role in self-care + the nurse's role in supporting self care activities - allow the nurses to assess pt-self care abilities and plan interventions to promote independence.
49
Jean Watson Theory of Human Caring
- connection between the nurse + pt that we see TRANSFORMATION happen
50
Hildegard's Peplau's Interpersonal Relations Theory
- Nurses take on many role--> teacher, counselor + friend
51
Imogene King's Theory of Goal Attainment
- fosters empowerment + shared decision making
52
Madeleine Leininger's Culture Care Theory
- care should be culturally sensitive and respect pt's beliefs and practices - + cultural competence
53
Lydia Hall's Core, Care and Cure Theory
Core: focus on pt's emotional needs Care: provide physical care Cure: support medical tx --> encourages holistic care by addressing physical, emotional, and medical needs together.
54
Medicare:
Canada's publicly funded healthcare system - funded by the government through taxes
55
What does Medicare cover and who is covered by it?
Doctor visits, hospital care, necessary diagnostic services - available for all Canadian citizens, permanent residents and legal residents
56
Social Safety Net
- a collection of govt programs designed to provide financial assistance and basic services - ie.)EI, Canada Pension Plan, Social Assistance Programs, Universal healthcare (Medicare)
57
Who is Tommy Douglas and his role in Medical Care?
known as the Father of Primary Care - Premier of Saskatchewan
58
Timeline of how Medicare and how it grew overtime:
- 1947:First public hospital insurance in Saskatchewan - 1957: Saskatchewan-->Covered in pt- hospital services and diagnostic procedures - 1959: " " --> outpatient medical services + includes physician services on top of hospitals - 1962: Saskatchewan to offer fully universal health insurance - 1966: Medical Care Act: where feds govt passed this act--> introducing cost sharing with provinces for universal medical care -1984: Canada Health Act: consolidated and strengthened the principles of Medicare.
59
Canada Health Act (1984)
- goal is to access health services without financial barriers to all Canadians - introduced to address concerns about pt's paying extra fees
60
5 Principles of Canada Health Act (1984)
Public Administration, Comprehensiveness, Universality, Portability and Accessibility
61
Public Administration:
must be administered by a public authority on a non- profit basis
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Comprehensiveness:
- it should encompass a wide range of health services to ensure that resident receive the care that they need.
63
Universality:
same level of access without discrimination based on factors like income, age, health status
64
Portability:
continuous access to necessary healthcare even when relocating or traveling within the country
65
Accessibility
no barriers in terms of technology services, transportation, availability - inclusive for all residents
66
Federal govt role in Canada's Health System (CHA)?
- establishes guidelines and principles for the healthcare system through the CHA - provides funds and transfer to provinces and territories - directly delivers health services for first nations, serving members of Canadian Forces, eligible veterans and federal inmates - provides national policy to promote public health and prevent disease ( immunizations)
67
Provincial and Territorial Govt role in Canada's Health System (HCA)?
- They administer their own health insurance plans - Manage, finance, and plan insurable health care services in alinement with CHA 5 principles - determine the organization and location of hospital + other facilities - planning and implementation of health promotion and public health initiatives
68
Primary Health Care
- first point of contact for individuals seeking healthcare - focusing on prevention, wellness and managing common illness or conditions ie.) family doctor, NP, community clinics
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Secondary Health Care
- specialized care provided after a referral from a primary healthcare provider ie.) Specialist- cardiologists, dermatologists, diagnostic services
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Tertiary Health care
- highly specialized medical care often provided in large advanced hospitals - ie.) cardiac surgery units, oncology centers
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Quaternary health care
- most specialized and advanced level of care, often involving experimental tx or highly uncommon conditions ie.). Experimental medicine, rare disease research
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Primary Health Care vs Primary Care
-Primary Health Care: broader focus on the community, prevention and wellness + individuals care - Primary Care: focuses on the individuals and their medical concerns
73
Acute Care agency (Acute Care Alberta):
-immediate and specialized medical treatment for severe or life-threatening conditions -hospitals, cancer + urgent care centres, ER's
74
Primary Care Agency (Primary Care Alberta)
-coordinate primary health care services - coordinate family doctors, NP, ciics and preventive care--> ensure get right care at the right time - improve access to routine check ups, chronic disease management and health promotion
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Continuing Cae Agency
- supervise providers & service contracts - manages long term care services for people who need ongoing health suppor
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Mental health and Addiction (Recover Alberta)
- provides support and services for peoples struggling with mental health issues and addictions.
77
Romanow's Reminders
- premier of Saskacthewan - the need for drug coverage - short investment and long term investment for improving the system
78
Progressing vs Tail chasing
-Progressing: truly supporting and improving mental health services - Tail chasing: system only focusing on reconstructing rather than staffing and capacity
79
Structural Vulnerability:
social position that causes physucal and emotional harm to disadvantaged groups,inconsistent and patterned ways --> Related to ones identity relative to others: social, economic and political factord --> not very direct: complex + interconnected
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Equality
- system provides equal inputs - giving everyone the same resources regardless of their needs
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Equity
- system differentiate input - adjusting resources based on individual needs to ensure fair outcomes
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Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)
non- medical factor that affect one's health that shape health. - influence health inequities between groups
83
Iceberg Model of Culture
10% culture is visible; 90% is hidden
84
Urban
City
85
Rural
not city
86
Multiculturalism Act in 1988: Key Principles (6)
Cultural Diversity National Identity Equity and Inclusion Cultural Contributions Respect and Creativity Language Preservation
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Key Cultural Concepts (7)
Cultural Awareness Cultural Sensitivity Cultural Competence Cultural Humility Cultural Safety Cultural Imposition Ethnicity
88
Cultural Safety
- ensuring a respectful, safe environment by addressing power imbalances, racism,, stigma and discrimination
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Cultural Imposition
forcing one's own cultural values, beliefs and expecting them to conform
90
Ethnicity
shared cultural traits like language, religion and traditions
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Cultural Assimilation
pressure to adopt the dominant culture and abandon one's original cultural identity.
92
Cultural Retention:
effort to preserve one's own culture while adapting to a new society
93
Reflexivity
a deeper level of self-awareness where individuals continuously examine their biases, assumptions, and roles in power structures
94
Cultural Competence:
goes beyond awareness to include skills and attitudes for respectful interactons
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Cultural Safety
address power imabalnces and ensures pts can express their cultural beliefs safely
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Health Inequities
differences in health that are deemed unfair or unjust because they are a product of social processes that potentially can be changed
97
Inequalities
- differences in resources, wealth or status that exist in society
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Inequities:
unfair, unavoiudable disadvantages causes by social, political or economic systems
99
Social Justice History
- Before it was monarch, priets and warlords that ruled the world; through marriage they obtain more power and property - Eventually Social Democratic Governments in Western Europe have emphasized the view of treating citizens equally--> calls for redistibuton of income and wealth to ensure fair opportunities.. ie.) tax the wealthy at higher rates to help fund public hea;the care, education and social services for lower income group
100
Kimberly Creenshaw's Intersectionality
- explains how different forms of discrimination (race, gender, class) interact and create unique experiences of oppression - was done in response to the fact that single category (either race or gender) approaches to discrimination were not enough
101
Principlism
- framework ethical decision making in healthcare. - autonomy (respecting pt choices + independence), beneficence, non-maleficence, & justice ; while these principles are important it is not enough because it lacks specificity, fails to understand the complexity of people
102
Relational Inquiry Approach
- a way of thinking and practicing in nursing that emphasizes understanding and responding to the complex dynamics at play within and around a situation - Intrapersonal Dimensions:emotions,. thoughts, beliefs -Interpersonal Dimensions: communication, rs, dynamics Contextual DImensions: social, cultural, structural
103
Census family
- a family unit recognized in official population data
104
Lone parent
- a single parent raising 1 or more children
105
Step-family
a family where 1 ot both partners bring children from previous relationships
106
Multigenerational:
3 or more generations living under the same roof - ie.) grandparents, parents and children living together
107
Same- sex families
- a family with 2 parents of the same gender raising children
108
Skip- generation family
- grandparents raising their grandchildren without the presence of the parents.
109
Genogram
like "a family tree" - helps identify hereditary diseases and family patterns
110
ecomap
- maps a family social connections--> showing their support systems and stressors
111
Calgary Family Assessment Model
- integrated multidimensional framework assessing families - includes structural, developmental, functional - Structural: examines family members, relationships and external influences -->internal: family makeup and roles (family composition, gender) --> external: connections outside the household (extended family, larger systems) -- > context: social and cultural factors (ethnicity, race, social class) - Developmental: looks at family life stages, responsibilities and emotional connections over time - Functional: analyzes how family members solve problems
112
Patient and Family Centred Care (FCC) Model
- most common/ used in Canada - healthcare approach that ensures pt and families are actively involved in care decisions - Core Concepts: Respect + dignity, Information sharing, Participation, Collaboration
113
Family Integrated Care Model (FICare)
- involve parents and families in the care of their hospitalized infant - nurse's orient pt, empower pt to take part in feeding, and educate families on baby's condition
114
Patient Centered care (PCC)
- recognizes that clients are experts in their diseases and medical conditons
115
Trauma Informed Care
- can range from illness, neglect, war, bullying, intimate partner violence, and residential school - It is NOT the nurse's place to determine or judge what event was trauma
116
Relational Practice**
- ENGAGING* with others through empathy, respect, and shared understanding --> key is being: MINDFUL and INTENTIONAL
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Relational Inquiry
- CRITICALLY REFLECTING** on relationship within broader social, cultural and systemic contexts. Social: pt immigration status Cultural: understanding pt background and incorporating it into his care plan Systemic: nurse's examine healthcare system policies to advocate for the pt
118
5 C's of Relational Practice
- Compassionate - Curious - Committed -Competent - Corresponding: relate in a way that is meaningful to others
119
Hermenutic Phenomenology (lived experience)
- conscious awareness is shaped by societal structures, power dynamics, and oppression
120
Conscious Inquiry (5 W's of Conscious Inquiry)
- where nurses actively question their own assumptions, actions and interactions with patients aiming to deeply understand the pt's experience and context while critically analyzing their own practice and to provide the best possible care.
121
5 W's Conscious of Inquiry
What,- relating to, prioritizing/ priveleging? Who- whom are you distancing Why- identify the purpose and goals When- when do you extend or distance yourself? Where- how is context shaping your relating practice
122
Pragmatism
- conscious awareness is shaped by what works in practice, rather than abstract theories