Flashcards in Midterm #1 Deck (266)
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1
What is nutrition?
science that studies all the interactions that occur between living organisms and food
2
What are nutrients?
chemical substances in foods that provide energy and structure and help regulate body processes
3
What gives us access to previously/quickly prepared foods with little effort?
processed foods and fast foods
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When did processed foods/fast foods arise?
21st century
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How do processed/fast foods differ in nutritional value from other foods?
higher in calories, lower in other nutrients (vitamins, minerals, antioxidants); makes it easier to overeat because they're so available
6
What is the focus of nutrition advice in modern America?
controlling intake, just as much as ensuring adequate intake
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kilocalorie
unit of heat used to express the amount of energy provided by foods; heat required to raise temperature of 1 kg of water 1 degree C (1 kcal = 4.18 J)
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how many joules per kcal?
4.18 kjoules = 1 kcal
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macronutrient
needed in large amounts; water, carbs, protein, lipids
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micronutrient
needed in small amounts; vitamins and minerals
11
What are lipids?
organic, energy-yielding, macronutrient, NOT water-soluble; fatty acids/triglycerides/cholesterol
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What are proteins?
organic, energy-yielding, macronutrient, water-soluble, made of amino acids
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What are vitamins?
organic, not energy yielding, micronutrients, some water-soluble, some fat-soluble
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What are minerals?
inorganic, not energy-yielding, micronutrients, water-soluble
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What is undernutrition?
malnutrition: deficiency of energy and/or nutrients
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What is overnutrition?
malnutrition: excess energy and/or nutrients
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How does overnutrition differ for energy vs vitamins/minerals?
energy: obesity, chronic illness (diabetes, etc.); vit/min = organ damage and/or death
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What is malnutrition?
any condition resulting from an energy or nutrient intake either above or below that which is optimal for a period of time
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How does someone get overnutrition of energy but undernutrition of vitamins/minerals?
by eating a diet high in processed foods: lots of energy but low in vitamins/minerals
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How do genetics influence nutrition?
can influence predisposition to diseases like diabetes/cancer; diet an increase risk or decrease if healthful
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What effect can diet have on genetic predispositions to disease?
if unhealthy, can exacerbate; if healthy, can alleviate
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What is nutritional genomics?
new field of study exploring interaction between genetic variation and nutrition
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What field of study explores the interaction between genetic variation and nutrition?
nutritional genomics
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What determines food choices?
availability, cultural and family background, prior experience, social acceptability, personal preference, psychological/emotional state, health concerns, taste, cost nutrition, convenience
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What are the main determinants for what we eat?
taste, cost, nutrition, convenience
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How can we choose a healthy diet?
identify and choose nutrient dense foods; varied diet; balance choices and use moderation, be aware of portion sizes
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What is a nutrient dense food?
contains more nutrients per calorie
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Why can nutrition science seem contradictory?
because science takes a whole: study designs/interpretation/media effects may differ from study to study
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What is the scientific method?
systematic, unbiased approach to evaluating the relationships among food, nutrients, and health
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