Midterm 1 Flashcards
(94 cards)
What criteria must be satisfied to fulfill the evolutionary need to belong (suggested by Baumeister and Leary)
- We must engage in frequent and affectively pleasant interactions with at least a few other people
- those interactions must take place in the context of a temporally stable and enduring framework of each partner’s concern with the other partner’s welfare
(long lasting affective concern for each other’s welfare)
Describe the study of social hunger relating to the need for belonging
Undergrads randomly assigned to a chat room: one half ignored, other half engaging with others
- then asked to read a diary about social interactions
- the ones who were ignored were more likely to remembered more from the diary (sensitivity to social information varies as a function of current belongingness needs)
- need to belong should bias attentional and memory processes
- humans should be motivated to form bonds and not to break them
What are attachment styles? How are they shaped?
Attachment styles: their learned orientations toward relationships with others
-infants interaction with their caregivers shape their attachment styles
What are the 5 aspects to the need to belong
- need to belong should bias attentional & memory processes
- humans should be motivated to form bonds and not to break them
- emotional process should correspond to the need to belong
- couples tend to be happier than single people who wish they weren’t single - people should be dissatisfied when the need to belong is not met (happy married people tend to be happier than others-unmarried,never married, divorced, unhappily married)
- When need is met, people should no longer seek out new relationships
What is a relationship
-a connection with another human that involves frequent frequent interaction and caring
What are the 6 components of intimacy
- Knowledge- you know each other
- Caring-care about each other
- Interdependency-you share a brain, finish each other’s sentences. When the circles of the Venn diagram overlap, the relationship is at its best
- Mutuality- we see ourselves as s whole and overlap. spending time engaging in activities that are enjoyable to both partners
- Trust- be respectful, won’t intently try and hurt you (partners feel a sense of safety)
- Commitment - relationship exists the next day too
What are some caveats about studying relationships
We all have ideas about relationships ( about what makes them good/bad ) based on our experience
- sometimes the evidence is contradicting to our beliefs
- we only seek information that confirms what we already know
- cultural/geographical bias and the passing of time influence what we study/find
What are the challenges to studying relationships?(4)
- Societal Taboos- Herry Harlow and study with monkeys (the “fuzzy stuff”) and was ridiculed for studying monkey love (attitudes of researchers need to change over this topic)
- Biases in recruitment of participants
- more women than men volunteer in studies (men may be under represented)-maybe because men shouldn’t talk about their feelings
- recruitment strategies (news paper ads vs. Contacting people who applied for marriage license-has differences in satisfaction responses) - Ethical considerations
- does asking someone to think about their relationship have unintended negative effects? -informed consent
- how many other men has toy wife slept with besides you? - Unit of analysis
- both partners should be included in the study (not one)
Difference between cross sectional and longitudinal design
Longitudinal studies - same people several points in time (change within individual)
Cross sectional- one point in time of different ages (change between participants of different ages)
-both development designs
Experimental vs non experimental design
Experimental-high level of control and reliability. Manipulates one variable and controls the others
Non experimental- variables are not manipulated by the researcher and instead are studied as they exist (ex. Correlational study)
-not really concerned with how strong/weak correlation is but more about the prediction
What’s a retrospective design ?
It’s a developmental design that looks at participants history (did you ever do this in the past) and compares it to present situation
-problem: it is biased
What’s s natural experiment
Testing a hypothesis of something that is naturally occurring (not manipulated)
-hypothesis: the partner who earns the most money is the one who has the most decision making
What is Darwin’s evolutionary theory of the qualities men and women want in a long term mate?
Variation, inheritance and selection
- characteristics have to vary
- has to be able to get passed to next generation
- the key is the valuable characteristic best suited to the environment will pass on their genes
- characteristics used to help reproduce will be valued
What is parental investment theory?
-Robert Tribbers
The mate who puts in the most time/energy/resources into offspring will be more choosy/selective in picking a mate (and vice versa)
- the other is more competitive and less choosy
- Woman should be more choosey in picking a mate (look for good genes/provider)
What are the 3 key features of evolutionary psychology?
- Attempts to explain and understand how cognition and emotions evolved
- Represented by the modularity assumption (we want things that help us survive-way back when)
- Is historical
What are the two components of attachment theory? (Creating bonds with caregiver)
- Normative
- what is typical/applicable to everyone
- what normally evokes or terminates certain emotions following certain relational events - Individual differences
- refers to the type of attachment
- personal histories of receiving care and support from attachment figures shape their goals, expectations and attitudes when emotion-eliciting events in relationships occur
- influence by parenting and so on
What are the 4 types of attachment styles ?
- blueprints for what relationships should look like (low avoidance vs high avoidance, low anxiety vs high anxiety)
- styles can change
Secure
-comfortable with intimacy and interdependence (low avoidance/low anxiety)
Preoccupied
-uneasy and vigilant toward any threat
Dismissive
-self reliant and uninterested in intimacy (low anxiety/ high avoidance)
Fearful- fearful of rejection and mistrustful of others
What did Edward Westermarck wonder about attraction
Wondered if children who are raised together are less likely to be attracted to each other
-contradicts sigmoid Freud‘s theory that little girls compete with their mother for their fathers attention and little boys compete with their fathers
Report came out- rarely were people married who were raised together in the same community
What was Arthur Wolf’s sexual attraction and childhood association?
He identified two types of contractual marriages through a naturalistic observation; multidisciplinary
- Parents decide marriage and the grooms family raised the girl with her future husband
- Parents decide marriage and girl and boy meet at the day of the wedding
* there should be less sexual attraction between the couple who was raised together in comparison to the couple raised apart
How do relationships occur?
As the result of a complex set of emotions and behaviours that typically stem from initial attraction (attraction is actually attitudes)
-what are the things that get people interested in each other?
What are the 5 main aspects of attraction ?
Proximity: liking those who are near us
Similarity: liking those who are like us
Reciprocity: liking those who are like us
Barriers: liking those we cannot have
Physical attractiveness: liking those who are lovely
Describe social exchange theory
-something with more rewards= something we will want to pursue (as long as the rewards outweigh the costs)
What is the propinquity effect?
The people who, by chance, you see and interact with most often are the most likely to become your friends and lovers
-physical proximity is a better predictor of attraction than age (if they’re closer, you notice them )
What is the first empirical evidence for the propinquity effect?
proximity(liking those near us)
-Festinger, Schachter and Back (1950)
- examined friendships of students
- closest friends were most likely to live closest to each other in residence