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BI464 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

(130 cards)

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1
Q

Define Economic Botany

A

Topics revolving around pragmatic uses of plants

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2
Q

Define Ethnobotany

A

Cultural uses of plants: topics connected to ethnology and anthropology

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3
Q

The first humanoid species appeared ___ million ya

A

2.8

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4
Q

Foraging is as old as humans, dating back to _________ years old

A

250k

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5
Q

What is a common stereotype of foraging societies

A

people were ignorant with a limited knowledge of plants and their enviroment

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6
Q

What is a stereotype regarding food in foraging societies

A

food supply was extremely laborious

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7
Q

What was the diet like in foraging societies

A

2/3 diet based on plants, 200 Kca/day rich in proteins and vitamins

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8
Q

what were “forest gardens”

A

useful plant species were identified and protected while undesirable ones were eliminated, intermediate step between foraging and agriculture.

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9
Q

what is the one downfall to forest gardening

A

low on productivity, cannot produce high yeilds

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10
Q

Define animism

A

primeval and universal belief that souls inhabit ordinary plants, animals and things, governing their existence

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11
Q

Define shaman

A

the repository of knowledge that allows him/her to act as an intermediate between the visible and invisible world (axis mundi)

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12
Q

T or F: shamans hold a higher role than others in the population

A

F

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13
Q

T or F; Animistic views have persisted today in different parts of the world

A

T

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14
Q

What are some examples of aniministic agriculture principles

A

“feeding” the feilds, tree shrines, spirit houses

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15
Q

what is a spirit house

A

miniature homes that stand outside mainly thai buddhist homes that hope to send spirits away from the home so they live in these small homes, offerings are often made

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16
Q

What are the three macronutrients

A

Carbohydrates, Proteins and Fats

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17
Q

What are the two micronutrients

A

Vitamins and Minerals

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18
Q

What are two monosaccharide carbohydrates

A

Glucose and Fructose

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19
Q

state the three things that makes High Fructose Corn Syrup attractive to the food industry

A

1- it is very cheap
2- more easily dissolved in liquid
3-Acts as a preservative

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20
Q

What are the two disaccharide carbohydrates

A

sucrose (g+f) and maltose (g+g)

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21
Q

What is a polysaccharide carbohydrate

A

Starch

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22
Q

How is starch broken down in the body

A

broken down into glucose by saliva+ SI, stored as glycogen

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23
Q

where is starch found

A

cereals, legumes and potatoes

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24
Q

T or F: Starch grains morphology can identify the plant source

A

T

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25
T or F: the body can break down cellulose into glucose
F
26
What are the soluble fibers
hemicellulose, pectin, gums and mucillages
27
what are the insoluble fibers
cellulose and lignin
28
T or F: Vegetables have more fiber than grains
F- have less cell walls and therefore less fiber
29
What are FODMAPs
short chain carbohydrates that are poorly absorbed in the small intestine
30
What do proteins do for the body
supply amino acids that are necessary so that the body can construct human proteins
31
only ___% of total caloric content should be provided by proteins
10
32
__ amino acids can be synthesized by the body and __ cannot
11, 9
33
How many essential amino acids are there and why are they essential?
9, and they cannot be stored in the body so they must be received
34
Animal protein is usually ________ while plant protein is usually ________
complete, incomplete
35
What does complete protein mean
it has all the essential amino acids
36
_______ is the main protein of wheat
gluten
37
Define celiac disease
an autoimmune disease of the small intestine that impairs the bodies absorption of nutrients
38
Why are triglycerides needed in the body
mechanism for storing unused calories
39
What is a triglyceride
a glycerol + 3 fatty acids
40
What are some examples of unsaturated fats
olives, peanuts, avacado (thanks), omega 3s
41
What are some examples of saturated fatty acids
coconut oil, cocoa butter, most animal fat
42
define cholesterol
a steroid lipid that is vital ot constituent of cell and is used in the synthesis of various hormones
43
what are LDLs
carry cholesterol to the tissues- bad cholesterol
44
what are HDLs
take excess cholesterol back to the liver (good)
45
what are trans fatty acids
result when manufactures convert oils into solid fats via hydrogenation
46
What is the role of vitamins
act as coenzymes in many metabolic pathways in the body
47
what are the water soluble proteins inthe body
B-complex and C
48
What are the different Vitamin B deficiencies
B1- Bereberi B2- Mouth sores, leisons of the eye B6- Skin disorders, muscle weakness B9-Anemia, diarrhea
49
What is vitamin C needed for
the growth and repair of tissues in all parts of your body
50
Vitamin C is an _________
antioxidant
51
T or F: the body can make vitamin C on its own
F
52
What is the role of vitamin D
helps the body absorb calcium
53
Deficiency in vitamin D coud lead to:
osteoperosis or rickets
54
What is the role of vitamin E
plays a role in your immune system and metabolic processes
55
What is the role of vitamin K
helps body make proteins for healthy bones and tissues
56
What are minerals
inorganic compounds that exist in the body as ions or as part of complex molecules
57
What are the three most important crops worldwide
Wheat, maize, rice.
58
Cereals provide ___% of the food energy and ___% of the protein consumed on earth
56,50
59
Wheat, maize and rice complete at least ___% of the worlds grain production
75
60
Most cereals belong to ______
poaceae
61
Bamboos have a stem or ____ that has full _____ but ________ are empty
culm, nodes, internodes
62
T or F: leaf in grasses dont have a petiole
T
63
What is the role of the ligule in grasses
prevents water and other animals from entering the sheath
64
hanging stamens and feathery stigmas are ______ ________ adaptations
wind pollintation
65
hanging stamens are on the ____ flowers
male
66
feathery sticky branches are on the _____ flowers
female
67
The endosperm stores ____
starch
68
Wheat is the ______ oldest domesticated plant
second
69
what is the protein content in wheat
12-14
70
T or F: in many cultures bread supplies more than half the dietary calories
T
71
What is the difference between unleavened and leavened bread
unleavened bread involves no fermentation
72
what component makes bread dough elastic
gluten
73
Holes in bread are due to what
CO2 that is produced due to fermentation
74
______ + _______ = Leavened bread
Yeast + Dough
75
Oldest records of leavened bread from ______ around ______ years ago
Egypt, 4000
76
What is whole wheat
the entire grain is used to prepare the flower
77
What is refined wheat
only starchy part is milled, pericarp and embryo are removed
78
what is enriched wheat
refined wheat enriched with iron and vitamins
79
Pasta was furst made in ______ in ______
Italy, 1100
80
Corn is ______ meaning it has both male and female parts
monecious
81
male part of corn is the ________ flowers
staminate
82
female part of corn is the _______ flowers
pistillate
83
Corn was domesticated in ______ around _____ years ago
Mexico, 5500-7000
84
T or F: Corn has a higher protein content than wheat
F
85
Variations of _____ is a stable of food worldwide
cornbread
86
What is the oldest domesticated plant and wehre
rice, in china and india
87
T or F: rice feeds more people worldwide than any other crop
T
88
What crop has the highest caloric content
Rice
89
What are C4 plants
super rapid growth, suitable for warm arid climates, each plant produces more than 1 million seeds
90
what is amaranth
grain rich in lysine, vitamins and minerals
91
Where was quinoa domesticated
andes of columbia, ecuador bolivia and peru
92
T or F: quinoa is a grain
F it is a seed
93
in the incas what is quinoa referred as
the other of all grains
94
what are some characteristics of Fabaceae
zygomorphic, 5 free petals, papillonaceous (butterfly-like)
95
Peanuts are ____% oil and ____% protein
50,30
96
Peanuts have a development of the fruit called _____ - what is it?
geocarpy- flowers pushed undegroud where they develop
97
Where + when were peanuts domesticated
Peru and Ecuador 3000 ya
98
Who invented peanut butter
Marcellus Edson, Canadian
99
When was the peanut allergy epidemic
the 90s
100
The protein in soybeans is referred to as ______
complete
101
T or F: you can eat raw soybean
F- it is toxic and an inhibitor of trypsin
102
Soybeans are referred to as the ________ crop
cinderella
103
Soybeans were domesticated in ____ and _____
China and Japan later
104
What are some characteristics of solanaceae
bisexual, 5 petals, fused, berries, berry is full.
105
What are some characteristics of tomatoes
yellow flowers, corrollas rotate, berries yellow to red
106
What are the two hypotheses in the origin of tomatoes
one of american origin and one of mexican origin
107
When were tomatoes first intorduced to europe
16th centruy
108
T of F: tomatoes contain many antioxidants
T
109
What are tomatoes rich in
VItamin A, C, and potassium
110
What are some characteristics of potatoes
white to purple flowers, tubers present, berries greeinsh purple
111
When were potatoes introduced
in 1500s in spain
112
What was the great irish potato famine
worst human disaster of 19th century europe, 1 million died
113
When was the potato introduced to N america
in 16-1700
114
Where were eggplants domesticated
india, china, thailand, burma
115
when were peppers domesticated and wehre
mexico 8-9000 ya
116
The evolution of high capsaicin in peppers is related to what
bird dispersal
117
what does capsaicin do
antimicrobial and anifungal, also relieves arthritis pain
118
What are some characteristics of Rosaceae
bisexual, 5 merous, many stamens, includes strawberries, raspberries
119
Where were pears domesticated
Europe and W Asia
120
When was the first record of apple grafting
300 BC in greece
121
What are apples a symbol of
love, fertility, and prosperity
122
Where were cherries domesticated
Europe, Turkey, NE Africa W asia
123
What are some characteristics of the plum
the pit is compressed, smooth to rough
124
Where was the plum domesticated
europe
125
Where were apricots and peaches domesticated
CHina
126
what are some characteristics of peaches
flowers solitary, pit with grooves
127
Almonds look like the pit of what fruit
peach
128
where were almonds domesticated
Eastern Mediterranean region
129
Strawberries are a hybrid from what areas
Chile and N America
130
where were raspberries native to
europe and W asia

BI464 (3 decks)

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