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Animal Behaviour (mine) > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

(102 cards)

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1
Q

What is a Taxon

A

a taxonomic unit

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2
Q

what is Taxonomy?

A

a branch of science concerned with the classification of organisms

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3
Q

what is thermoregulation?

A

the process of allowing your body to remain its core internal temperature. this is helpful to Reptiles but costly in terms of energy

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4
Q

physiology drives ______

A

behaviour

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5
Q

what is a phenotype?

A

used to determine classification; a set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment

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6
Q

whats so special about about newts?

A

they have stages on the land and then they go back to the water, they are the only amphibian to do this

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7
Q

what did amphibians evolve from?

A

they evolved from Dipnomorphia or Lungfish

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8
Q

where is the pineal gland of birds and reptiles?

A

on the top of the brain, unlike humans where it is deep inside the brain

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9
Q

what is Aves?

A 
birds. a big class with alot of subgroups. some (ravens, crows and magpies) have very sophisticated social behaviour.
Corvios, psittacios and sturnids are very good at imitating sound
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10
Q

describe Mammal

A

only animals to breast feed children, 3 sub-groups (prototheria, maeatheria {marsupials}, Eutheria [placentals])

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11
Q

what is prototheria?

A

ones with eggs, show connection to reptiles; 1 order; ex. platypus

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12
Q

what are Methatheria?

A

marsupials; rodent lke and carnivore like marsupials; 7 orders. ex. Possums

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13
Q

what are Eutheria?

A

placentals. come from placenta, most mammals; 18 orders

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14
Q

what is the current classification of primates?

A

strepsirhini (nocturnal e.g., lemurs) & haplorhini (monkeys and apes)

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15
Q

what is the current classification of carnivores?

A

dog-like (e.g., bears) & Cat-like (e.g., hyenas)

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16
Q

what is the current classification of rodents (rodentia)?

A

squirrel-like and mouse-like

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17
Q

who is the Father of Behaviourism?

A

Watson who worked with baby Albert

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18
Q

what do behaviourists believe in?

A

behaviourists believe in learning; teaching animals how to perform certain acts

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19
Q

what is cognitivism?

A

similar to nature v. nurture; not as concerned about being uptight about behaviour. Believe in the information theory. biologists used to dismiss cognitivism, claimed it had nothing to do with biology.

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20
Q

What is cognitive ethology?

A

created by Griffin who was interested in beavers because they started covering noise making devices, showing that this behaviour is innate. cognitive ethology focuses on consciousness and mind.

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21
Q

what is homoplasy?

A

convergent evolution ex. wings developing

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22
Q

what two sciences contribute to animal behaviour?

A

psychology and psychology. anthropology also contributes to the field (Primatology and Anthrozoology)

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23
Q

what are the three branches within biology that contribute to animal behaviour?

A

ethology, sociobiology and behavioural ecology

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24
Q

describe sociobiology

A

introduced by E. O. Wilson; took ethology, evolved genetics and social behaviour all together to create sociobiology. not used as often now, due to race and gender issues that arose in the 60s-70s

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25
what is Forensic Entomology?
looks at what kinds of insects/larvae are on dead bodies in order to determine how long the body has been there (hours or days). uses sexton/burying beetles and carrion beetles.
26
what is special about Possums?
only marsupials in north america
27
in relation to FAP, what do neuroethologists look at?
IRM; the mechanism in the brain that triggers FAP
28
in relation to FAP what do ethologists focus on?
SS and FAP; not so much IRM
29
who trained pigeons for the US Army
skinner trained pigeons to drop missiles, they pecked a dot on a screen to get trained
30
what animal is used to study concussions
Rams and Woodpeckers
31
describe Ethology
systematic and direct observation and description of animals in their natural or seminatural environment. study of overt (observable) behaviours. inductive and idiographic approaches
32
what are the main criticisms of ethology?
no experimental control and neglect of overt behaviours
33
what is an idiographic approach?
small n or n of 1 research. generalizations from few observations
34
what FAP do Geese have?
Lorenz and Timbergen would take eggs from geese as they started to pull the egg towards them, they would continue to pull the egg even tho it is no longer there
35
describe the sequence of a fixed action pattern
sign stimulus -> innate releasing mechanism -> FAP
36
what is the difference between a reflex and a FAP
reflexes are simple motor actions, elicited by a sensory stimulus. FAP's are a complex motor act, involving a temporal sequence of component acts; generated by an internally or elicited sensory trigger ex. mauthner's cell response (fish fleeing danger)
37
what is the grasp "reflex"
a misnamed FAP for babies
38
what are the characteristics of FAP's
``` genetically encoded specific to a situation/stimuli/environment spontaneous no sensory feedback ballistic movements independent of immediate control no individual differences spontaneous ```
39
who came up with the idea of Modal patterns (MAPs)
Barlow
40
what is larder hoarding?
hoarding or hiding food near the home (den,nest,burrow)
41
what is scatter hoarding?
hiding food in scattered areas
42
how do voles cach?
they typically take the food, look around, forget it
43
what are morphs?
different appearances of the same species
44
what 6 types of parental care is recognized in amphibians?
- egg attendance - egg transport - tadpole attendance - tadpole transport tadpole feeding internal gestation in the oviduct
45
describe the olfaction of amphibians
nasolabial groove, nose tapping response
46
describe the reproduction of amphibians
4-17 eggs laid from may to june. eggs hatch in august or september
47
what are basic issues of observational research?
very hard to find a pattern in the occurrence of monogamy differential observability:species, groups, individuals identification of subjects
48
what are reproductive isolating mechanisms
- chromosomal: non-viable/sterile hybrids - mechanical: morphological incompatibilities - incompatible reproductive rhythms - ecological: habitat incompatibilities - behavioural: specific recognition system
49
what is evolution?
a change in frequency of alleles in a population over generations
50
what are the three foundations of animal behaviour?
- natural selection - individual learning - cultural transmission: social learning that will become transgenerational
51
what are the 4 main forces of change in the evolution of behaviour?
1. mutations 2. gene flow: exhange of genes between populations of a species 3. genetic drift: specific traits get over emphasized and you get something radically different from what you would find on the main land 4. natural selection: fir or not fit; not fit features get dropped. need a passive agent (environment) and a selective agent (nature). need a trait that allows reproduction and survival
52
what is indirect fitness?
when you have more environmental constraints you compete, mormota get social instead; darwainian was too focused on competition
53
what are the 3 types of direct fitness?
- traits improving chances of survival - correlated traits - sexual selection
54
what does Gould believe about Neoteny?
Gould believes that humans unconsciously and naturally seeking neoteny. his example was the evolution of mickey mouse since its creation (juvenilization)
55
describe lorenz on neoteny
feautures of juvinility act as IRMs for affection and nurtiring in adult humans. neotenic characteristics are designed to trigger oxytocin release in adults.
56
what is heterochrony?
changes in time and order of developmental events. in dogs we have slowed down development.
57
how is heterochrony applied to candids?
-changes in the time of onset of developmental stages - changes in the rate of developmental stages - changes in the number of developmental changes less or slow = paedomorphosis more or fast = peramorphosis
58
what does Morey believe about dogs?
believes that dogs are paedomorphoc (compared to wolves)
59
describe socialization period of wolves and dogs
domestication: extension of the period of socialization of wolves dogs between 8 and 12 weeks fear the unfamiliar = sensitive period
60
why are foxes able to be domesticated?
foxes contain higher levels of serotonin and of tryptophan hydroxlase inhibited adrenal response to stress
61
where do scientific names come from?
they come from latin and greek languages. universal
62
ducks are precocial. True or false?
True. they are no helpless when they are born
63
true or false goats are precocial?
True. will walk straight away and can see
64
true or false Cats are precocial?
false. cats are altricial, can not see when they are born and lack senses
65
true or false behaviour is a phenotype?
true
66
what is Morton's law?
high pitch = good vocalization intentions | Low pitch = bad vocalization intentions
67
what is heterochrony?
changes in rate/time of development
68
what are challenges to basic principles of natural selection?
adoption, reciprocal altruism (non-kin), homosexual behaviour, risk taking behaviour, symbiosis
69
how do mammals imprint?
they imprint w/ olfaction
70
how do birds imprint?
visually
71
what are facilitating factors (Hale)?
gregarity (no hierarchy within groups) imprint precociality (more likely to imprint) paternal care or at least permanent presence around
72
what is taxonomy?
the theories and techniques of naming, describing and classifying organisms
73
what is taxinomy?
the study of the laws of classification
74
what is taxionomy?
application of the principles of taxinomy
75
why would people study animal behaviour?
interest in species/taxon interest in processes interest in patterns interest in broad questions
76
what are some approaches in animal behaviour?
conceptual empirical theoretical
77
who are major figures of the school of behaviourism?
Watson and Skinner
78
ethology is historically __________
inductive (observations, theory making)
79
who are the fathers of sociobiology?
williams, hamilton, Maynard Smith, Triver, Wilson, Dawkins
80
what is Moynihan's perspective of behavioural ecology and ethology?
behavioural ecology: strategies and environment | ethology: tactics and behaviours
81
what are behaviour classification biases?
behavioural ecology: functions of behaviour | ethology: forms (ethogram), mechanisms and origins of behaviours
82
what are supernormal stimuli?
models (often larger ones) that can evoke a stronger response
83
describe stickleback sign stimuli
bolated belly of females stimulates reproductive behaviour and red belly of another male stimulates agression
84
what are amphibologic behaviours?
behaviours or behavioural categories that are ambiguous
85
what is a congeneric study?
studying species from the same genus
86
what did Barash find in his study of marmots?
when less food avail. young will take longer to grow and mature, colonial system an advantage in cases of low food, aggressiveness is a key factor for dispersion
87
what is an ethogram?
a catalogue of different behaviours
88
what is direct development?
no larval stage, eggs hatch into small salamanders
89
what is natural selection?
species level adaptations
90
what is individual learning?
individual-level adaptations; experience
91
what are the two ingredients for natural selection?
trait (phenotype) ex. speed that are favoured and help the organism selective agent ex. nature
92
what are the prerequisites for natural selection to operate on a trait?
variation fitness mode of inheritance limited resources
93
what are 3 types of direct fitness?
1. traits improving survival 2. correlated traits 3. traits emanating from sexual selection
94
what is artificial selection?
selective breeding. Humans selexting traits. ex. breeding border collies
95
what is Kin Selection?
from Hamilton. individuals differ in their effects on the survival of their kin via their parental care/ helping behaviour. special case of trait/group selection. ability to know one's kin -> MHC complex, uses sense of smell
96
what did E.O Wilson believe about kin selection?
kin selection > group selection
97
what did D.s Wilson believe?
reciprocal altruism exists as well as kinship altruism. depends on conditions
98
what are the levels of evolution?
``` gene level gamete level individual level mating pair level immediate ```
99
what did lorenz believe about neoteny?
features of juvenility act as IRMs for affection and nurturing in adult humans. we judge animals based on juvenility. we observe head, eyes, chin.
100
what did Gould say about By-products of adaptations?
by-products of adaptations or "carry along traits". traits that are not necessarily selected for or against. they're just there. ex. tail bone, appendix language is a by product of our large brains hard to localize where it came from
101
what is progressive fallacy?
some species have had more evolutionary changes than others, that does not necessarily make them better. not all changes are optimal
102
who is Eibl-Eibesfeldt?
studied FAPs in red quirrels, found that red squirrels will still go through with the action of hiding a nut even if there is no ground to dig through

Animal Behaviour (mine) (3 decks)

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