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Sociolinguistics > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

cook midterm 1 (100 cards)

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1
Q

dialect

A

subset of language, variety, often but not always linked to a certain ethnic group, SES, etc.

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2
Q

accent

A

speech sounds, vowels

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3
Q

variety

A

pronunciation, grammar, word choice

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4
Q

standard language

A

varieties used in institutional, formal, and educational contexts

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5
Q

non-standard language

A

varieties not deemed appropriate in formal contexts

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6
Q

vernacular

A

language someone learns first, at home (parent/child communication)

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7
Q

prescriptivism

A

rules of grammar learned in school

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8
Q

descriptivism

A

how people actually speak

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9
Q

speech community

A

share similar value judgements about other speakers

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10
Q

core phenomenon

A

we can say the same thing in different ways

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11
Q

variable

A

speaker’s choice between 2 or more variants

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12
Q

variant

A

choice in given phonetic environment (ing/in’)

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13
Q

lexical variation

A

mental dictionary (hero/sub), word choice

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14
Q

phonological variation

A

potato/potahto

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15
Q

morphosyntactic variation

A

grammatical variation, word order variation

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16
Q

constraint

A

things that make people choose 1 variant over another

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17
Q

categorical constraints

A

something about grammar structure that makes someone choose 1 variant

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18
Q

probabilistic constraints

A

no rule about variant choice, or factor not based in phonetic structure

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19
Q

external factor

A

things external to language (gender, age, ethnicity, race)

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20
Q

internal factors

A

elements of language itself that influence choices

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21
Q

experimental data

A

precise, getting observed number of tokens

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22
Q

survey data

A

think about how you speak and report

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23
Q

naturalistic data

A

recording people’s normal, natural speech

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24
Q

institutional review board

A

ethics committee which determines if study is ethical

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25
observer's paradox
survey participants must be notified, makes their speech less "natural"
26
sociolinguistic interview
Labov, "tell a story"
27
dialectoloty
dialect geography- the study of regional language variation
28
isogloss
inside this region, people generally do this
29
isogloss bundle
where isoglosses co-occur - we draw different isoglosses for each vowel to determine similarities across regions
30
homogeneity
what percent of isogloss is variant of interest
31
consistency
what percent of variant of interest did you capture w isogloss
32
ideological divisions
we're our people, we speak this way
33
wave model
language variation diffuses evenly over time and space
34
gravity model
language variation and change higher in metropolitan areas (like planets)
35
nested isogloss
demonstrate the order in which a family of sound changes happen in the same area: the isoglosses for the earliest sound changes contain the isoglosses for the later ones
36
IPA
International Phonetic Alphabet - internationally recognized - 1to1 correspondence between sound and symbol
37
phonetic transcription
visual representation of speech sounds
38
voicing
when vocal folds are closed and air is forced through
39
place of articulation
where in mouth obstruction occurs
40
manner of articulation
how close articulators are from each other
41
tense
longer vowel
42
lax
shorter vowel
43
rounding
lip roundedness during articulation
44
diphthong
sound created by glide between 2 distinct vowels, perceived as single vowel
45
monopthong
vowel with one sound, fixed position
46
phoneme
speech sound
47
contrast
when replacing creates different meaning (bit vs bat)
48
minimal pair
used to demonstrate 2 phonemes are distinct (bit vs bat)
49
phonetic environment
surrounding sounds of target speech sound
50
phonological rule
systematic rule for pronunciation ("budder")
51
rhotic variety
pronounces r
52
variably rhotic
boston, ny
53
merger
phonemes sound same in certain dialect but different in others
54
homophony
2 pronunciations, same meaning
55
unconditioned merger
merged in all phonetic environments (cot/caught)
56
conditioned merger
happens in specific phonetic environments (feel/fill pin/pen)
57
critical period
first few years of life when language develops rapidly and after which acquisition is less successful
58
apparent-time analysis
speakers speech is reflection of speech patterns acquired as child and remains relatively fixed after critical period
59
age grading
differenced in speech habits associated with age (due to social pressures) - change in behavior throughout lifetime but rate in community does not change
60
real time study
go back and resample a community after time has passed
61
trend study
sample a community with comparable speakers
62
panel study
locate and re-interview the same speakers
63
generational change
actual irreversible change that is occurring in younger generation (apparent time interpretation)
64
s shaped principle
increased variety and usage over time
65
incrementation
curvilinear principle - change from below
66
adolescent peak
indicates age graded variation ("like"
67
merger
losing phonemes - collapse
68
Garde's principle
mergers are irreversible
69
Herzog's principle
mergers spread unidirectionally
70
Near-merger
makes distinction when speaking but doesn't recognize it
71
phonemic split
add rule, raise or lower in certain contexts (spider/spuider)
72
gradient change
movement through vowel space
73
chain shift
shift in vowel space created by either merger or phonemic split
74
SES
defined by income, occupation, education
75
social stratification
grouping by SES - patterns observed
76
register
variety of language used for particular purpose socially
77
stable variation
variability that is not changing in population over time
78
stigmatization
negative social evaluation
79
overt prestige
sounds higher class
80
covert prestige
conveys unpretentiousness, has value in certain social situations
81
hypercorrection
over-application of perceived rule of language usage
82
cross-over pattern
exhibited by 2nd highest class people overcorrecting, using the highest amount of formal variants vs 1st and 3rd highest classes
83
linguistic marketplace
where linguistic exchanges happen
84
change from above
socially motivated, pressure to adopt prestige form
85
change from below
changes unnoticed, below level of social awareness
86
monotonic pattern
straight line - highest SEC borrow most prestige forms - exhibited by Labov rapid and anonymous study and found social stratification
87
Rapid and anonymous
like Labov dept store survey, done in public without subjects knowing they are being studied
88
curvilinear pattern
tendency of linguistic change from below to originate from members of central/lower classes
89
communication density
leaders in linguistic change members of middle class - explains curvilinear pattern
90
Labov's three generalizations 1.
1. women show lower rate of stigmatized variants and higher rate of prestige variants
91
Labov's three generalizations 1a
change from above women adopt prestige forms at higher rate than men
92
Labov's three generalizations II
change from below - women use higher frequencies of innovative forms than men do
93
style shifting
how particular speaker speaks differently under different circumstances
94
attention to speech
higher attention = more formal speech
95
contextual styles
vary in attention (minimal pairs, reading, casual)
96
orderly heterogeneity
lower class individuals exhibit more style shifting
97
indicator
shows social pattern but no attention
98
marker
marks cultural level
99
stereotype
variety people attentive of - wooder
100
audience design
person being addressed has everything to do with speaker choices

Sociolinguistics (2 decks)

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